Apatura ilia

Apatura ilia
A. i. ilia
A. i. ilia f. clytie, Hungary
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Apatura
Species:	A. ilia
Binomial name
Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

Apatura ilia, the lesser purple emperor, is a species of butterfly native to most of Europe and east across the Palearctic. It is named for its similarity to the purple emperor butterfly.

Description

The wingspan is 55–60 mm (2.2–2.4 in) in the female and 60–70 mm (2.4–2.8 in) in the male. The upper side of the wings is dark brown, with metallic blue-violet hues in the male, and it has a clear postdiscal band on the hind wing and several light spots on the fore wing. These clear areas can be presented in two different aspects; they are white on the butterflies of the nominal form ilia, and clear fawn in the form clytie. For both forms, the fore wing also has an orange-coloured ocellus, which makes differentiating the species from Apatura iris possible. A similar ocellus is present on the hind wing in both species. The reverse side of the fore wing is brown and the back of the hind wing is dull brown with, as in A. iris, an orange ocellus centered in black.

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  Caterpillar
• 
  Black dot of Apatura ilia right fore wing, ventral side, male
• 
  Germany
• 
  Composite A. i. ilia f. clytie, Hungary
• 
  A. i. ilia f. clytie, Hungary

Mounted specimens

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  Apatura ilia ilia, male dorsal
• 
  Apatura ilia ilia, male ventral
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  Apatura ilia ilia f. clytie, male dorsal
• 
  Apatura ilia ilia f. clytie, male ventral

Biology

A. ilia flies from May to September in one or two generations. It feeds on tree honeydew and flies near their summit. It goes down only to find moisture, honeydew shrubs or excrement. The eggs are laid singly on leaves. The caterpillar host plants are willows and poplars, in particular Populus tremula and Populus nigra. A. ilia either pupates in the same year or winters as a young caterpillar, becoming brown, stuck to a twig. The greyish green chrysalis hangs from a leaf or twig.

Biotope

Flourishes only in damp deciduous woods with good naturalness, forests or edges of interior clearings and river valleys at altitudes between sea level and about 600m.

Ecology and distribution

It is present in most of Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan. However, it is absent from the European Mediterranean islands and the southernmost regions, from the majority of Spain and Portugal, southern Italy and Greece, as well as Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, northern Germany and the British Isles).

This species belongs to a group of 35 European butterflies for which ecologists had sufficient data to assess the possible movements of their range in Europe. Of these 35 butterflies studied, Apatura ilia was an exception it is the only species that has seen the northern limits of its area move slightly down to the south while its southern limit remained stable.

Cultural references

• It is named in the Classical tradition, Ilia was the mother of Romulus and Remus in Roman mythology.
• In March 1987 DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Apatura ilia.

External links

• Apatura ilia at Native Butterflies of Europe
• Apatura ilia at ButterflyCorner.net