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Puerto Rican dry forests

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Puerto Rican dry forests
Dry forest in Guánica State Forest
Ecology
BiomeTropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
Geography
Area1,159[1] km2 (447 sq mi)
CountryPuerto Rico
Conservation
Conservation statusCritical/Endangered[2]
Protected196 km² (17%)[1]

The Puerto Rican dry forests are a tropical dry forest ecoregion located in southwestern and eastern Puerto Rico and on the offshore islands.[3] They cover an area of 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).[2] These forests grow in areas receiving less than 1,000 mm (39 in) of rain annually. Many of the trees are deciduous, losing their leaves during the dry season which normally lasts from December to April.[4]: 179–180 

Geography

Puerto Rican dry forest on Caja de Muertos, south of Ponce

The dry forest life zone exist in two areas on the island of Puerto Rico - along the south coast of the island (in the dry orographic rain shadow of the Cordillera Central) and in the northeastern corner of the island near Fajardo, where the combination of low elevation and strong winds off the ocean result in a dry environment. Dry forests also exist on the adjacent off-shore islands of Culebra, Mona, Monito, Desecheo, Caja de Muertos, Cayo Santiago and most of the island of Vieques.[3]

Dry forests along the south coast cover a 120-kilometre (75 mi) strip of land from Guayama in the east to Cabo Rojo in the west, and extends 3–20 kilometres (2–12 mi) inland from the coast.[4]: 179 

Climate

The climate is seasonal with most rainfall between May and November. Average rainfall on the south coastal strip ranged from 600–1,000 millimetres (24–39 in).[4]: 179–180 

Ecology

Subtropical dry forest on Vieques, Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rican dry forests (like Caribbean dry forests in general) consist of short-stature (usually <5 m or 16 ft tall), multi-stemmed trees. The canopy is largely evergreen (dominated by Gymnanthes lucida in areas of limestone soil), while the emergent layer is considerably more dry-season deciduous.[5][6]

Vegetation types

Plant community types exist along a continuum of soil moisture availability, which is itself influenced by soil depth, and the orientation and the slope of the land (which affects runoff). Coastal vegetation includes mangrove, salt flats and beach thickets. Further inland, scrub forest grows on exposed limestone with scattered depressions. Deeper soils support deciduous forests with taller semi-evergreen forests growing on moister sites.[5] The degree of deciduousness varies with water stress—drought–deciduous species retain more of their leaves in wetter years and lose more of them in drier years—and even in the deciduous forests, many trees are evergreen.[4]

Flora

Psychilis krugii, an endemic orchid of dry limestone forests of Puerto Rico at the Guánica State Forest.

Puerto Rican dry forests are dominated by plants in the families Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Myrtaceae. In this regard they are similar to Jamaican dry forests, but differ from dry forests on the mainland of South and Central America, which are dominated by Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae.[7]

Guaiacum officinale, Coccoloba venosa, Ceiba pentandra, and Capparis cynophallophora are common trees in coastal dry forests. Dry limestone forest species include Pisonia albida, Guaiacum sanctum, and Plumeria alba.[2] Trichilia triacantha, a federally listed endangered species, is known only from the dry forest zone in southwestern Puerto Rico.[8]

Fauna

Main article: Fauna of Puerto Rico
The Mona ground iguana is endemic to dry forest on the island of Mona.

Puerto Rican dry forest support a diverse avifauna; 185 bird species have been recorded in Guánica Forest including 15 endemic species.[9] The endangered Puerto Rican nightjar is restricted to dry and moist forests in southwestern Puerto Rico.[10] The Puerto Rican crested toad, the only native toad in Puerto Rico, is known from only one remaining population in Guánica Forest.[11]

Thirteen species of lizards are known from the southern dry forests including two anole endemic to the dry forest zone- Anolis poncensis and Anolis cooki.[12] The Mona ground iguana is endemic to dry forest on the island of Mona.[13]

Non-native mammals in the dry forest zone include rhesus macaques and patas monkeys, both of which have become serious agricultural pests,[14] and the Javan mongoose which was introduced to Puerto Rico in the 1870s.[15]

Conservation

Although most of the forest was destroyed for agriculture prior to the 1940s, some patches of forest which pre-date that period still exist. Areas that were used for charcoal production or for fence-posts have recovered rapidly - after 50 years forests that had been used for charcoal production recovered to the point where they were indistinguishable from much older forests.[16]

In addition, large areas of secondary forest have grown back on abandoned agricultural land. Unlike areas which were only lightly used, these forests on abandoned farmland have far fewer species than do natural forests. Their path to recovery remains uncertain.

The best example of dry forests in Puerto Rico are in the Guánica State Forest (Bosque Estatal de Guánica) outside the town of Guánica. This site has also been the focus of the vast majority of studies of dry forests.

References

  1. ^ a b Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [1]
  2. ^ a b c "Puerto Rican dry forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
  3. ^ a b Ewel, J. J.; Whitmore, J. L. (1973). The Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands (PDF). USDA Forest Service Institute of Tropical Forestry. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d Murphy, Peter G.; Lugo, Ariel E.; Murphy, Alice J.; Nepstad, Daniel C. (1995). "The dry forests of Puerto Rico's south coast". In Lugo, Ariel E.; Lowe, Carol (eds.). Tropical Forests: Management and Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 178–209. ISBN 978-1-4612-7563-3.
  5. ^ a b Lugo, Ariel E.; Gonzalez-Liboy, Jose A.; Cintron, Barbara; Dugger, Ken (1978). "Structure, Productivity, and Transpiration of a Subtropical Dry Forest in Puerto Rico". Biotropica. 10 (4): 278. doi:10.2307/2387680. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2387680.
  6. ^ Murphy, Peter G.; Lugo, Ariel E. (1986). "Structure and Biomass of a Subtropical Dry Forest in Puerto Rico". Biotropica. 18 (2): 89. doi:10.2307/2388750. ISSN 0006-3606. JSTOR 2388750.
  7. ^ Gentry, A.H. (1995) Diversity and floristic composition of neotropical dry forests. Pp. 146-194 in S.H. Bullock, H.A. Mooney and E. Medina (editors) Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  8. ^ Ventosa-Febles, EA (2007-10-10). "Distribution and habitat characteristics of Trichilia triacantha (Meliaceae) in Puerto Rico". Endangered Species Research. 3 (3): 267–271. doi:10.3354/esr00051. ISSN 1863-5407.
  9. ^ Arendt, Wayne J.; Faaborg, John; Canals, Miguel; Bauer, Jerry (2015). "Bird checklist, Guánica Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Rico". Research Note SRS-23. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 23 P. Research Note SRS-23. 023: 2.
  10. ^ Vilella, Francisco J. (1995). "Reproductive ecology and behaviour of the Puerto Rican Nightjar Caprimulgus noctitherus". Bird Conservation International. 5 (2–3): 349–366. doi:10.1017/S095927090000109X. ISSN 0959-2709.
  11. ^ Aide, Mitchell; Rios-López, Neftalí; Joglar, Rafael; García, Miguel; Longo, Ana; León-Cardona, Abimael; Pérez-Buitrago, Néstor; Barber, Diane; Burrowes, Patricia (2007-01-01). "Conserving the Puerto Rican herpetofauna". Applied Herpetology. 4 (4): 327–345. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.471.1687. doi:10.1163/157075407782424566. ISSN 1570-7539.
  12. ^ Genet, Kristen S.; Genet, John A.; Burton, Thomas M.; Murphy, Peter G. (2001). "The lizard community of a subtropical dry forest: Guánica forest, Puerto Rico" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 42: 97–109.
  13. ^ Pons, Gaspar; Christen, Catherine A.; Quiñones, Maya; Gonzáles, Olga M. Ramos; Calle, Paulina; Martínez, Alma; Cooper, Susan M.; Leimgruber, Peter; García, Miguel A. (2009-04-01). "Spatial distribution, connectivity, and the influence of scale: habitat availability for the endangered Mona Island rock iguana". Biodiversity and Conservation. 18 (4): 905–917. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9520-3. ISSN 1572-9710.
  14. ^ Engeman, Richard M.; Laborde, José E.; Constantin, Bernice U.; Shwiff, Stephanie A.; Hall, Parker; Duffiney, Anthony; Luciano, Freddie (2010-04-01). "The economic impacts to commercial farms from invasive monkeys in Puerto Rico". Crop Protection. 29 (4): 401–405. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2009.10.021. ISSN 0261-2194.
  15. ^ VerCauteren, Kurt C.; Gilbert, Amy T.; Johnson, Shylo R.; Berentsen, Are R. (2015). "Exposure to Rabies in Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) from Two Regions in Puerto Rico". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 51 (4): 896–901. doi:10.7589/2015-01-016. ISSN 1943-3700. PMID 26251987.
  16. ^ Molina Colón, S. (1998) Long-term recovery of a Caribbean dry forest after abandonment of different land uses in Guánica, Puerto Rico. Ph. D. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
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