Mount Calvary Church
| Mount Calvary Church, Baltimore | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| 39°17′57″N 76°37′18″W / 39.299185°N 76.621772°W | |
| Location | 816 N Eutaw St, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Previous denomination | Episcopal Church |
| Churchmanship | Anglican Use |
| Website | www |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Relics held | Bone fragment of Saint Edward the Confessor |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architect(s) | Robert Cary Long, Jr. T. Buckler Ghequier |
| Architectural type | Gothic |
| Completed | 1846 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | Steven J. Lopes |
| Priest(s) | Fr. Albert Scharbach |
Mount Calvary Church is a Roman Catholic parish located in the Seton Hill neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. The church was founded in 1842 as a mission congregation within the Episcopal Church and is now a community within the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter of the Catholic Church.
Architecture
The building was designed by the architect Robert Cary Long Jr. in 1844 and the cornerstone was laid on Tuesday September 10 of that year, at which time Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham wrote: "I cannot doubt that its beautiful edifice, when finished in the autumn, will be fully occupied by as regular and devout worshipers as now fill the little upper room, where prayer is wont to be daily made through so large a portion of the year."[1] The church was consecrated by Bishop Whittingham on Thursday February 19, 1846.[2] In 1885, Long's nephew T. Buckler Ghequier added the chancel.[3] The twelve-foot-high main altar of white Vermont marble was designed by American artist John LaFarge.[4] The altar area is set out with encaustic tile from Mintons, and the glass in the Gothic windows contains a depiction of the Good Shepherd produced by Tiffany & Co. The rood was carved by the Swedish sculptor Thorsten Sigstedt, who also designed the church's Marian shrine, and was dedicated on December 15, 1940, and the altar of Christ the King was designed by E. Donald Robb, who worked for the architecture company of Ralph Adams Cram. A reliquary in the main church houses a bone fragment of Saint Edward the Confessor. The bell, which dates to the nineteenth century, was cast by the McShane Bell Foundry. The spire of the church collapsed in March of 1914, during a blizzard.
The church features an Andover[5]-Flentrop organ of C. B. Fisk Inc.,[6] an innovative organ[7] of 1961 that is included in the listing of historic organs of the Organ Historical Society.[8] A former organist at Mount Calvary was the composer Caryl Florio (born William James Robjohn).[9]
Bishop Whittingham wrote that “there are larger, more costly, and more splendid churches in Baltimore, but there is none in my judgement so well adapted to make the worshipper feel he must ‘keep his foot’ for he is in the house of God.”[10]
Liturgy
Mount Calvary was founded shortly after the publication in England of the Tracts for the Times, when the Oxford Movement neared its height. It began as a High Church mission parish of St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Baltimore, Maryland) established by the Reverend William Wyatt, and until the current building was available services were held in a room above a bacon store on the corner of Howard and Mulberry Streets.[11] Under a series of pastors, the parish became more in line with Anglo-Catholicism, which emphasized the Catholic heritage of the Episcopal Church rather than its Protestant roots, and this caused friction between a number of pastors and their bishops. In 1868, during the rectorship of Alfred Allen Paul Curtis, Mount Calvary became the first Episcopal Church in the country to offer daily Eucharist.[12]
Bishop William Rollinson Whittingham of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland – and former rector of Mount Calvary – criticized Father Joseph Richey (elsewhere described as “a man of a lovely spirit, holy, self-sacrificing, full of labors”)[13] for the use of altar lights, wafer bread, elevating the Host, making the sign of the cross, carrying a cross in procession, and praying for the dead.[14] A Board of Inquiry spoke of its "unanimous and emphatic condemnation of the alleged teachings of Rev. Messrs. William Perry and Joseph Richey."[14] In 1879, eleven local Episcopalian ministers published a pamphlet[15] objecting to a mission held at Mount Calvary, led by Father Basil W. Maturin SSJE,[16] that had advocated confession, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and the Mass as a sacrifice.[17] A year later, the Rev. Calbraith Perry and the Mount Calvary vestry nominated two candidates, one for holy orders and the other a deacon to receive priesthood, but both were objected to by the Standing Committee of the Diocese, who stated that the testimonials from the Rev. Perry and the vestry – declaring that the candidates had not taught or believed anything contrary to Church teaching – were not sufficient. William Pinkney (bishop), a low church Anglican, declined to engage the Standing Committee on this matter.[18]
The New York Times reported, “The advanced ritualism practiced in the services has on various occasions led to spicy discussions between the Standing Committee and the Rectors of Mount Calvary." The same article reported that one of the parish clergymen, Father Calbraith Perry, was admonished and instructed “to cease using incense and not to wear a cope.”[19] In 1894, Mount Calvary was "practically excommunicated" when Bishop William Paret – whose "stinging philippic fell from the lips" – refused to visit the church to administer the sacraments, for the church – over the bishop's objections – had installed confessionals and continued to use incense.[20] Even so, Richard Meux Benson, co-founder of the Society of St. John the Evangelist, chose to spend Lent in Baltimore in 1895 and lectured on Thursday evenings at Mount Calvary[21] and would visit again, speaking on Palm Sunday on March 29, 1896,[22] and preaching at the parish on Low Sunday, April 17, 1898.[23]
The historic traditional ritual at Mount Calvary made use of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer and the English Missal. Since being received into the Roman Catholic Church in 2012, as a community within the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, Mass is celebrated ad orientem and follows the liturgical calendar of the Ordinariate; the feast of title is Holy Cross Day. and Solemn Evensong is celebrated once a month, which incorporates Eucharistic adoration and Anglican chant.
Solemn processions occur several times throughout the year, most notably on the feast of Corpus Christi. At such times, a thirty-pound silver processional cross is used (see photo). The cross was a gift to Mount Calvary from Mary Coale Redwood, whose son George was the first Baltimore officer to be killed in the First World War. It was crafted by the Warham Guild and features Christus Triumphans, as well as scenes from the life of Christ and the symbols of the four evangelists.
Ministry
One of the early parishioners was Robert E. Lee, who “attended Mount Calvary Episcopal Church regularly”[24] when working on Fort Carroll in 1849 and living at 908 Madison Avenue. Baltimore was a city sharply divided during the American Civil War. The pastor of Mount Calvary Alfred Allen Paul Curtis (who later converted to Catholicism and became the second bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington) wrote that the Union victories were “steps and stages towards eventual ruin” and that they were “matters of humiliation and not of thanksgiving.” Episcopalian Bishop Whittingham reacted by ceasing to be a pew holder at Mount Calvary, saying that he did not wish to be “associated with a body so treasonably ungrateful for Divine Mercy shown in the deliverance of the State from armed rebels and thieves.”[25] In spite of the early support of its rector for the Confederacy, Mount Calvary would become known for its outreach to the African-American community. The vestry voted "there should be no racial lines in the free seats of Mount Calvary Church,"[26] making it the first Episcopal church in Maryland to integrate. The parish "made an enviable name for itself by the remarkable work done by its clergy among the poor of the city”[27] and was "renowned for its charitable work."[28] Much of this reputation was due to the work of the curate Father Calbraith Bourn Perry, great-nephew of Oliver Hazard Perry, whose experiences formed the basis for his book Twelve Years Among the Colored People, a Record of the Work of Mount Calvary Chapel of S. Mary the Virgin, Baltimore.[29] Perry was also the author of A Petition in Behalf of the Colored People[30] In 1900, it was proclaimed that Mount Calvary was “the head centre of very wholesome educational and social work in Baltimore and deserves better and wider appreciation.”[31]
The parish founded and served three daughter churches for Baltimore’s African-American community. Two of these churches, Saint Mary the Virgin,[32] founded in 1873, and Saint Katherine of Alexandria,[33] founded in 1891, became independent parishes. By 1881, Saint Mary the Virgin had become the largest African-American Episcopalian parish in the country[34] and “became the church of Baltimore’s aristocrats of color.”[35] The chapel featured a sculpture commissioned by the congregation of Mount Calvary, the Adoration of the Magi by African-American artist Edmonia Lewis. In 1872, Mother Harriet Brownlow Byron, co-founder (with the Rev. William Upton Richards) and superior of the All Saints Sisters of the Poor in England, sent Sisters Helen, Serena, and Winifred to Baltimore[36] to establish a community and “to do Mission work in Mount Calvary parish.”[37] In 1987, the sisters and the parish jointly founded a hospice adjacent to Mount Calvary, the Joseph Richey House,[38] named after the former pastor who, in 2004, was added to the calendar of Lesser Feasts and Fasts of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland, with a feast day of September 23.[39] Dr. Bob’s Place,[40] the children’s hospice, was opened by Joseph Richey House in June 2011.
Rectors
- 1841–1842 The Rev. Matthias L. Forbes[41], a native of Kingston, Ontario, who died in 1883, aged 71[42]
- 1842–1844 The Rev. John W. Hoffman[41]
- 1844–1853 The Rev. Alfred A. Miller
- 1853–1854 The Rt. Rev. William Rollinson Whittingham, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland
- 1854–1858 The Rev. Cornelius E. Swope[43] was one of the first two students to graduate from St. James School, Maryland
- 1858–1861 The Rev. Dr. Thomas Richey, older brother of Joseph Richey, he became the second president of Bard College
- 1861–1862 The Rev. Christopher B. Wyatt DD, who in 1869 received an honorary doctorate in divinity from the College of William and Mary
- 1862–1872 The Rev. Alfred Allen Paul Curtis, future bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington
- 1872–1877 The Rev. Joseph Richey, younger brother of Thomas Richey.
- 1878–1908 The Rev. Robert H. Paine, at whose Mass to mark 25th anniversary of ordination to the priesthood, James Huntington presided.
- 1908–1948 The Rev. William Adams McClenthen DD
- 1948–1958 The Rev. Henry N. Botts
- 1958–1966 The Rev. MacAllister S. Ellis
- 1966–1994 The Rev. Rudolph L. Ranieri Jr.
- 1994–2000 The Rev. William H. Ilgenfritz, SSC Society of the Holy Cross, serves currently as bishop of the Missionary Diocese of All Saints for the Anglican Church in North America
- 2001–2006 The Rev. John W. Klein SSC
- 2006–2012 The Rev. Jason Catania.
Following reception into the Roman Catholic Church, the title of rector was dispensed with and replaced by that of priest administrator. These have been:
- 2012–2014 The Rev. Jason Catania
- 2014–present The Rev. Albert Scharbach
Recent developments
In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated the apostolic constitution Anglicanorum Coetibus[44] which enabled Anglican and Episcopal parishes to come into full communion with the Roman Catholic church. Mount Calvary voted in 2010 to separate from the Episcopal Church and to seek to become a community within the ordinariate. Mount Calvary became the first congregation to be received into the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of St. Peter by its ordinary, Msgr. Jeffrey N. Steenson, on January 22, 2012.[45] Mount Calvary was officially elevated to the status of a parish by bishop Steven J. Lopes on November 6, 2016, on which date he also consecrated the altar, placing within it some relics of Saint John of the Cross.
References
- ^ Journal of the 57th Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland. (Baltimore: H. Colburn bookseller, Jos. Robinson printer, 1845) page 34.
- ^ Journal of the 58th Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Maryland. (Baltimore: H. Colburn bookseller, Jos. Robinson printer, 1846) page 47.
- ^ "T. Buckler Ghequier | Baltimore Architecture Foundation". baltimorearchitecture.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ Lois Zanow, Sally Johnston, and Denny Lynch Monuments to Heaven: Baltimore's Historic Houses of Worship (AuthorHouse, 2010), page 70.
- ^ "Andover Organ Company, Inc. :: New Pipe Organs and Pipe Organ Restoration, Rebuilding, Tuning and Maintenance :: Welcome :: Pipe Organ Company". andoverorgan.com. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ "Opus 35 | C. B. Fisk, Inc". cbfisk.com. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ John Hamilton, "An Emerging US Organ-Building Movement--I", The Musical Times Vol. 125 No. 1696, June 1984, p. 347
- ^ "Organ Historical Society". organsociety.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ Charles Newell Boyd (ed.) "Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Volume 6" (Philadelphia: Theodore Presser Company, 1922) p. 206
- ^ William Whittingham, Journal of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland (Baltimore: H. Colburn, 1846) page 47.
- ^ Henry Elliot Shepherd A History of Baltimore, Maryland from its Founding as a Town to the Current Year (Baltimore: S.B. Nelson, 1893) p. 321
- ^ The Church Standard April 20, 1901, page 901.
- ^ William Francis Brand “Life of William Rollinson Whittingham, Fourth Bishop of Maryland, Volume 2 (New York: E. & J.B. Young and Co., 1883) page 212
- ^ a b New York Times, August 3, 1875, page 1.
- ^ A. M. Randolph, J.F. Hoff, J.E. Grammer, W.F. Watkins, A.P. Stryker, Campell Fair, W.M. Dame, Perrigrine Wroth, Charles J. Holt, Oliver Landreth, and Edward L. Kemp A Protest by Some of the Clergy of Baltimore and Vicinity, Against Certain Romish Doctrines and Practices: As Taught and Enjoined in Mission Services Recently Held in Mt. Calvary Church, Baltimore (Baltimore, 1879)
- ^ Washington Post, May 28, 1879, page 1.
- ^ Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine Volume 28, page 315, 1888.
- ^ Orlando Hutton Life of the Right Reverend William Pinkney, Fifth Bishop of Maryland (Washington DC: Gibson Bros, 1890). pages 289-299.
- ^ New York Times, February 21, 1887, page 1.
- ^ New York Times, May 31, 1894, page 5.
- ^ The Churchman, March 16, 1895, page 384
- ^ 'The Churchman, April 18, 1896 page 538
- ^ The Churchman, April 23, 1898, page 612
- ^ Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997) page 148.
- ^ Letter of Bishop Whittingham to Rev. Curtis, July 18, 1863, Whittingham Papers, Peabody Institute, Baltimore.
- ^ Calbraith Bourn Perry.The Perrys of Rhode Island (Tobias A. Wright:, New York, 1913) p. 104.
- ^ George Demille, The Catholic Movement in the American Episcopal Church (Philadelphia: Church Historical Society, 1941).
- ^ New York Times, June 24, 1885, page 3.
- ^ Calbraith B. Perry Twelve Years Among the Colored People: A Record of the Work of Mount Calvary Chapel of S. Mary the Virgin, Baltimore (James Pott & Co.: New York, 1884)
- ^ Perry, Calbraith B., Petition in Behalf of the Colored People (Washington DC: s.n., 1886).
- ^ Thomas Sewell Adams et al. Studies in State Taxation with particular reference to the Southern States (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1900)
- ^ "Our History | The Episcopal Church of Saint Mary the Virgin". stmaryswalbrook.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ "Welcome". Archived from the original on 2013-02-11. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County page 52.
- ^ Willard B. Gatewood Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880–1920 (Bloomington: Indian University Press, 1991) p. 287
- ^ Susan Mumm (ed.) All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell, 2001) page 63.
- ^ “Living Church Quarterly,” 1896, p. 124
- ^ "Joseph Richey Hospice | Our neighbors need is our opportunity to serve". josephricheyhospice.org. Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Dr. Bob's Place". drbobsplace.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ a b The Journal of a Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland (Baltimore: Jos. Robinson, 1841) page 37
- ^ Frank Leslies Sunday Magazine, Volume 13, p. 446 (1883)
- ^ "Cornelius E. Swope: Priest and Doctor, by Morgan Dix". anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ "Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church". vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
- ^ "The Catholic Review > Faith > Former Episcopalian Mount Calvary parishioners received into Catholic Church". catholicreview.org. Retrieved 2014-04-05.