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Military marine mammal

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A U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program dolphin named KDog, wearing a locating pinger, performed mine clearance work in the Persian Gulf during the Iraq War.

A military marine mammal is a cetacean or pinniped that has been trained for military uses. Examples include bottlenose dolphins, seals, sea lions and belugas. The United States and Soviet militaries have trained and employed oceanic dolphins for various uses. Military dolphins have been trained to rescue lost naval swimmers or to locate underwater mines.

Dolphins

Rumors of military dolphins include training them to lay underwater mines, to locate enemy combatants, or to seek and destroy submarines using kamikaze methods.[1] There has even been speculation about the potential development of sophisticated equipment, such as poison darts, sonar jamming devices, and so on for dolphins, and about combat between cetaceans of both superpowers. The U.S. Navy denies ever having trained its marine mammals to harm or injure humans in any way or to carry weapons to destroy ships.[2]

Soviet Union Navy dolphins

The Soviet Navy operated a research facility 44°34′48″N 33°24′08″E / 44.5800°N 33.4023°E / 44.5800; 33.4023 to explore military uses of marine mammals at Kazachya Bukhta, near Sevastopol. The Russian military's military dolphin program is believed to have languished in the early 1990s.[3]

Russian Federation, Ukraine and Iran

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Soviet military dolphin program was passed to the Ukrainian Navy. In March 2000 the BBC reported that the Ukrainian navy had transferred their military dolphin project from Sevastopol to Iran. Iran bought the animals and the chief trainer carried on his research at their new oceanarium.[4]

In 2012, Ukraine allegedly "resurrected" the military dolphin program.[3] After the 2014 annexation of Crimea, the Ukrainian dolphin program was taken over by Russia.[5] Conflicting statements have been made regarding the fate of the dolphins. One claim is that the program had been demilitarized prior to the annexation, with all military dolphins either sold commercially or dead by natural causes. A counter-claim suggests that dolphins died patriotically after going on hunger strikes and resisting their Russian captors.[6] Russia reportedly intended to used advanced technology to visualise the dolphin's biosonar signals in future military dolphin research.[3]

Government public records show that in 2016, five bottlenose dolphins were purchased by the Russian defence ministry from Moscow’s Utrish Dolphinarium.[7]

United States Navy dolphins

The U.S. Navy trains dolphins and sea lions under the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, which is based in San Diego, California. They get some of their dolphins from the Gulf of Mexico. Military dolphins were used by the U.S. Navy during the First and Second Gulf Wars,[8] and their use dates back to the Vietnam War.[9] About 75 dolphins were in the program circa 2007,[10] and around 70 dolphins and 30 sea lions were reported to be in the program in 2019.[9]

The United States Navy implemented a program in 1960 to work with dolphins and sea lions in order to help with defense, mine detection, and the design of new submarines and new underwater weapons. The Navy did many tests with several marine mammals to determine which would be best for the jobs they needed done, with "more than 19 species...including some sharks and birds" tested, though the bottlenose dolphin and California sea lion were considered the best at what the Navy needed them for. The bottlenose dolphins' asset was their highly evolved biosonar, helping to find underwater mines, and the sea lions' asset was their impeccable underwater vision, which can help to detect enemy swimmers. In fiscal year 2007, the United States Navy spent $14 million on research on marine mammals as weapons and marine mammal training programs in object recovery and mine detection and have 75 trained dolphins.[11] Dolphins have contributed to saving more lives in open water than specially trained life savers[citation needed].

In 2005, there were press reports that some U.S. military dolphins based on Lake Pontchartrain had escaped during the Hurricane Katrina flooding.[12] The U.S. Navy dismissed these stories as nonsense or a hoax, though they may be taking on the status of an urban myth.[13]

A bottlenose dolphin responding to its trainer's hand gestures.

Care of animals

The marine mammals used for the Navy's research and operations are cared for by a full-time staff of veterinarians, veterinarian technicians, and highly trained marine biologists.[14][non-primary source needed]

Training

The dolphins and sea lions are trained by five teams of the Navy's Marine Mammal fleet members. One team specializes in swimmer detection, three teams in mine location, and another team in object recoveries. The quick-response goal of this fleet is to mobilize a team and be on site within 72 hours. Dolphins are trained much as police dogs and hunting dogs are. They are given rewards such as fish on correct completion of a task. Dolphins are trained to detect underwater mines and enemy swimmers and then report back to their handlers.[15] Rumours that dolphins had been trained to kill divers have been denied by the US Navy, which claims that training dolphins to fight or kill humans is impossible.[9]

Retired US Admiral Tim Keating claimed that military dolphins could be used to detect mines in the Strait of Hormuz, after Iran threatened to close the waterway in January 2012.[16]

Seals and sea lions

Seals and sea lions are trained and utilised by the US Navy and the Russian Navy. In Russia, dolphins and seals have been trained to carry tools for divers and detect torpedoes, mines, and other ammunition to working depths of up to 120 metres. Seals are considered better suited than belugas for military use in polar conditions due to their "high professionalism" and ability to learn, retain and understand oral commands.[7]

Belugas

In 2019, a beluga was found off the coast of Norway that was believed to have most likely been trained by the Russian Navy.[9] The beluga was wearing a harness that was labeled "Equipment of St. Petersburg", seemed comfortable around humans and attempted to pull ropes from the sides of a Norwegian fishing vessel. Beluga research was conducted by the Murmansk Sea Biology Research Institute in northern Russia on behalf of the Russian Navy. Experiments were conducted to determine whether belugas could be used to “guard entrances to naval bases’” in arctic regions and “assist deepwater divers and if necessary kill any strangers who enter their territory”. The research concluded that dolphins and seals were better suited to military use in polar conditions than belugas.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Russia's military is recruiting dolphins, and their mission is a mystery". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-06-10.
  2. ^ Frequently Asked Questions of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program Archived 2009-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c Walker, Shaun (2014-07-06). "Ukraine demanding return of combat dolphins from Russia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  4. ^ "Iran buys kamikaze dolphins". BBC News. 8 March 2000.
  5. ^ "Ukraine demanding return of combat dolphins from Russia". The Guardian. 6 July 2014.
  6. ^ Wolfson, Sam (2018-05-17). "Ukraine says military dolphins captured by Russia went on hunger strike". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  7. ^ a b c Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2019-04-29). "Whale with harness could be Russian weapon, say Norwegian experts". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  8. ^ Pickrell, John (March 28, 2003). "Dolphins Deployed as Undersea Agents in Iraq". National Geographic News.
  9. ^ a b c d Aratani, Lauren (2019-05-01). "Licence to krill: why the US navy trains whales, dolphins and sea lions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  10. ^ Watkins, Thomas (2007-02-12). "Navy may deploy anti-terrorism dolphins". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  11. ^ Mosendz, Polly (30 March 2014). "How to turn a dolphin, sea lion, or whale into a sea-creature commando". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  12. ^ Townsend, Mark (September 25, 2005). "Armed and dangerous - Flipper the firing dolphin let loose by Katrina". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  13. ^ "Dispelling a myth of dangerous Navy dolphins". Countdown with Keith Olbermann. September 27, 2005.
  14. ^ "Animal health care". US Navy Marine Mammal Program. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  15. ^ Rehn, KW; Riggs, PK (2002). "Non-Lethal Swimmer Neutralization Study". U.S. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Technical Report. Document Number 3138. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
  16. ^ Singer, Peter (January 19, 2012). "Dolphins have no part in this dispute with Iran". The Guardian. London.

Further reading

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