Angelo Rules
Angelo Rules | |
---|---|
Genre | Comedy Animation |
Created by | Sylvie De Mathuisieulx Sebastien Diologent |
Developed by | Genevieve Dexter |
Directed by | Season 1: Chloé Miller Season 2: Chloé Miller & Franz Kirchner Season 3: Max Maleo Season 4: Max Maleo & Thierry Marchand |
Voices of | French: Marie Fagundo Sly Johnson Martial Le Minoux Jeremy Prevost English: Jennifer Visalli Cassandra Morris Michelle Layton (Season 1) Katie DiCicco (Seasons 2-4) Danny McDermott Gail Thomas Jackson Rheingold Jessica DiCicco Bill Morgan Carter Jackson Aaron Conley |
Country of origin | France |
Original language | French |
No. of seasons | 4 |
No. of episodes | 225 |
Production | |
Executive producers | Genevieve Dexter Corinne Kouper Tom van Waveren Guillaume Hellouin Edward Galton |
Running time | 30-minute slot 7 minute segments (season 1) 11 minutes (season 2) 21 minutes (last 3 episodes on season 2) |
Production company | TeamTO |
Original release | |
Network | France 3 (seasons 1-2) France 4 (season 3) Télétoon+ (season 4) |
Release | April 5, 2010[1] – present |
Related | |
Bernard |
Angelo Rules (French: Angelo la Débrouille) is an animated series produced by TeamTO and Cake Entertainment and directed by Chloé Miller and Franz Kirchner.[2] It is based on the book series Comment Faire Enrager... by Sylvie De Mathuisieulx and Sebastien Diologent. On 29 November 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season with 52 episodes.[3]
Plot
Angelo is an 11-year-old boy who finds creative ways to combat the daily struggles of everyday life. He observes and then comes up with elaborate strategies to wheedle, sweet-talk, con, and work around any adversary, with the help of his friends Sherwood and Lola.
Characters
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018) |
Episodes
Four seasons have been produced: the first consisted of 78 7-minute segments; the second having 46 11-minute segments, the third having 44 11-minute and four 22-minute episodes, and the fourth has 22-minute episodes (11 minutes in two segments).[2][4]
There is also a companion series of 30 one-minute episodes made under the title Angelo's Tips (French: Angelo et ses bons plans).
Season 1
No. overall | No. in season | Title | Written by | Original air date [5] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | "Detention / Cat Box / Yakking It Up" | Andy Rheingold / Agnés Bidaud / Anne D Bernstein | January 1, 2010 |
2 | 2 | "The Greatest Free Sample Ever / Go Mental Fest / Clean Break" | Rick Groel / Greg Grabianski / Etienne Jeantet | Feb 1 2010 |
3 | 3 | "Battle Underwear / Pop Quiz / Picked Last" | Greg Grabianski / Anne D Bernstein | February 2, 2010 |
4 | 4 | "Lords Of The Prize / Bolivia Exports Farts / A Fish Called Mr. Bubble" | Thomas Krajewski / Andy Rheingold | February 2, 2010 |
5 | 5 | "Snack Thief / Spitball Wars / Let Manetti Win" | Fanny Meschaaert / Greg Grabianski | February 3, 2010 |
6 | 6 | "A Longer Recess / Chore Wars / Changing The Channel" | Andy Rheingold / Greg Grabianski / Andy Rheingold | May 6, 2010 |
7 | 7 | "Riding The Dragontail / The Great Wait / Peter Adorable Horrible Peter" | Anne D Bernstein | May 7, 2010 |
8 | 8 | "Who Killed The Rabbit? / Stop The Experimental Music / No Substitute" | Rick Groel / Gwendoline Raisson | May 8, 2010 |
9 | 9 | "The Casserole / Out Of The Saddle / Angelo's Blunder" | Greg Grabianski | May 9, 2010 |
10 | 10 | "The Sneeze / Shame Of Lame / Here Comes The Judge" | Rick Groel / Greg Grabianski / Andy Rheingold | May 10, 2010 |
11 | 11 | "Break Up / The Fake Sick Day / The Kid Who Has Everything" | Andy Rheingold | June 12, 2010 |
12 | 12 | "Zonka's Death March / The Beach / Collect Them All" | Rick Groel / Greg Grabianski / Anne D Bernstein | June 18, 2010 |
13 | 13 | "Manetti's Crush / Manetti Must Not Fail / Help! My Friends Are Falling In Love!" | Anne D Bernstein / Rick Groel / Adam Lane | TBA |
14 | 14 | "The Brush Off / A Little Romance / Mission: Frog" | Anne D Bernstein / Clélia Constantine / Romain Van Liemt & Clélia Constantine | TBA |
15 | 15 | "USB Mine / School Heist / Working Hard" | Julien Magnat / Andy Rheingold | TBA |
16 | 16 | "Scary Movie / Final Countdown / Thar He Blows!" | Thierry Gaudin / Edouard Blanchot & Jean Christophe Derrien | TBA |
17 | 17 | "Yesterbirthday / Career Day / The Break In" | Dominique Latil / Clélia Constantine | TBA |
18 | 18 | "Director's Cut / One Shot / The Chimp Sleeps Tonight" | Andy Rheingold / Rick Groel / Nicolas Digard & Benjamin Richard | TBA |
19 | 19 | "Savant Idiot / Face the Music / The Thousandth" | Régis Jaulin & David Tardé / Thierry Gaudin / Delphine Dubos | TBA |
20 | 20 | "Fearless / Dirty Politics / Friend vs. Friend" | Andy Rheingold | TBA |
21 | 21 | "The Audition Mission / Tea Time / Wanna Piece of Me?" | Nicolas Digard & Benjamin Richard | TBA |
22 | 22 | "The List / Shower Up / The Fever" | Nicolas Digard & Benjamin Richard / Dominique Latil | TBA |
23 | 23 | "In the Bag / King of the Sidewalk / Money Money Money" | Dominique Latil / Andy Rheingold / Clélia Constantine | TBA |
24 | 24 | "Cereal Zombie / Picture Perfect / Career Test" | Clélia Constantine | TBA |
25 | 25 | "Sherwood's Fault / Curse / Cool Kid" | Résis Jaulin & David Tardé / Jean Christophe Derrien / Benjamin Richard | TBA |
26 | 26 | "The Book Club / Manettied / Ticking Clock" | Jean Christophe Derrien / Benjamin Richard | TBA |
Season 2
No. overall | No. in season | Title | Written by | Original air date [5] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 | 1 | "Junkboy / Kick-it Ball" | Greg Grabianski / Andy Rheingold | TBA | |
Junkboy: When Angelo's parents want to sell all of his favorite old toys at a rummage sale, Angelo schemes how to save his stuff from being sold. Kick-it Ball: Angelo and friends' attempt to play their weekly Kick It Ball game is disrupted by Shmitty who also claims the basketball court. | |||||
28 | 2 | "Game Off / The Sandman Cometh" | Greg Grabianski / Rick Groel | TBA | |
29 | 3 | "Bullicus Smarticus / The Cool Hat" | Rick Groel / Anne D. Bernstein | TBA | |
Bullicus Smarticus: Angelo meets his match for the first time when Tracy Flickinger arrives at school and they face off in an epic high noon hallway showdown. The Cool Hat: When Alonzo wears a new hat to school he instantly becomes super popular and is offered special favors usually given to Angelo. So Angelo changes his look and tries to figure out what is the coolest hat ever. | |||||
30 | 4 | "Spoiler Alert / How to Dismantle an Alien Attack" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel / Rick Groel | TBA | |
Spoiler Alert: Angelo couldn't watch the Yak Wrestling finals on TV last night. Everyone at school has seen it but him, and it's all everybody's talking about - even Sherwood. Angelo is going to have to come up with tons of tricks in order to view the game without someone spoiling the score for him. How to Dismantle an Alien Attack: Angelo sets out to pull off the greatest alien attack prank ever, but when his mom fills in for Mr. Foot he has to dismantle it instead. | |||||
31 | 5 | "Operation Waterpark / Doy to the World" | Greg Grabianski / Andy Rheingold | TBA | |
Operation Waterpark: Angelo goes all out in an attempt to get his family out of bed and on the road before 5 a.m. to get to an awesome water park before it opens. Doy to the World: Peter and Cooper use the word "doy" non-stop which drives Angelo batty. So Angelo comes up with every strategy he can think of to try to get the little guys to stop. | |||||
32 | 6 | "Book War / Ninja For Hire" | Andy Rheingold / Greg Grabianski | TBA | |
Book War: Peter and Cooper sell handmade books by the dozen, which inspires Angelo to do the same. But the little guys have much better results, which fuels Angelo to beat them. Ninja For Hire: Angelo needs to make some extra money so he takes on a part time job - as a ninja. | |||||
33 | 7 | "Wiznimals / Ping Pong" | Clélia Constantine, Thérésia Rippel & Roman Van Liemt / Andy Rheingold | TBA | |
Wiznimals: Angelo thought he could relax this weekend but then he's assigned a real chore: taking his baby brother Peter to the Wiznimal convention - those super-annoying toy animals that kids are crazy about. Card games, video games, cartoons, stuffed toys, they're everywhere - and they really are annoying. How can Angelo get Peter to outgrow them - and get his Saturday back? Ping Pong: Angelo and friends train Geezer to become the Community Center's ping pong champ in exchange for Geezer pretending to be Angelo's "fake Grandpa" and attend his sure to be bad news parent-teacher conference with Mr. Foot. | |||||
34 | 8 | "Bring It Back / Buddy Page" | Clélia Constantine, Benjamin Richard & Roman Van Liemt / Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | TBA | |
Bring It Back: On Tracy's suggestion, Coach Zonka has decided to replace basketball with - rhythmic gymnastics. No way. There's got to be a way of convincing the whole class that basketball is the best sport there is. Buddy Page: Angelo's family keep embarrassing him in front of his friends on Buddypage, the latest popular social network. But how do you get your mom, dad, sister and brother to unfriend you without starting a family feud? | |||||
35 | 9 | "Courtroom TV / Damage Remote Control" | Clélia Constantine & Benjamin Richard / Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | TBA | |
Courtroom TV: Angelo wants to set up the old TV in his room, now that his parents have bought a new one. But his big sister wants it too. How can he prevail? Easy. He just needs to set up a mock court room and plea like they do in his parents' TV shows. Damage Remote Control: Angelo's dad has bought a super-hi-tech remote-control that controls everything in the house - and Angelo's just broken it. How can he replace it without his Dad finding out? Easy: fake all of the remote's functions with Sherwood's help - while Lola works the guarantee. | |||||
36 | 10 | "Family Game Night / Fame" | Alana Sanke / Rick Groel | TBA | |
Family Game Night: Dad and Angelo develop a fierce rivalry to win at the weekly Family Game Night, with Angelo always losing. So Angelo schemes on ways to beat his dad. Fame: Angelo sets out to make Sherwood famous, but a viral video makes him famous for the wrong reasons when he introduces the expression "achibada" to the world's vocabulary. | |||||
37 | 11 | "The Funniest Kid / Silent Treatment" | Greg Grabianski / Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | TBA | |
The Funniest Kid: Angelo thinks he's a lock to be voted "Funniest Kid In School" again, but his title is unexpectedly challenged - by Lola. Silent Treatment: Tracy challenges Angelo: she bets him she can hold back on tattle-tailing longer than he can go without talking. Angelo is up for it. But Tracy will go to any lengths to win this thing, she even barges in at his place uninvited. How can Angelo make her slip without unsealing his lips? | |||||
38a | 12a | "Catch that Cat" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | TBA | |
Cathy has entrusted her cat to the care of Angelo and Lola for the day - in return, they can binge on pies all they will. Great deal, right? Unless the cat escapes the second it touches the ground. How do you persuade a reluctant cat to get back into its cage? | |||||
38b | 12b | "Soccer Tryouts" | Dominique Latil | January 7, 2016(Australia)[6] | |
Sherwood is devastated: he was late for tryouts and won't be on the soccer team this year. Unless - Who said you could only demonstrate your soccer skills on a soccer field? Certainly not Angelo. | |||||
39a | 13a | "No Take Backs" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | January 2, 2016(Australia)[7] | |
While he was distracted by his video game, Angelo accidentally gave Peter his Slobber concert VIP access bracelet. And his mom won't budge: once you're given something, you can't take it back. Angelo only has a few hours to convince Peter to give up the bracelet - which he seems most unwilling to let go of. | |||||
39b | 13b | "Fieldtrip Of Dreams" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | January 10, 2016 (Australia)[8] | |
This year, Mr Foot has organized a field trip to - an experimental play by Damien Brousse. Since tattle-tale Tracy absolutely wants to see the play, Angelo is going to have to plot in the shadows to spare the whole class endless boredom. | |||||
40 | 14 | "Door to Door to Door / Heatwave" | Rick Groel / Greg Grabianski | TBA | |
Door to Door to Door: Angelo and friends face off against Tracy in a battle to see who can sell the most wrapping paper for a school fundraiser. Heatwave: Angelo and friends want to be the first to master a difficult new skateboarding move, but to do so they have to find a way to beat a massive heatwave that makes it impossible to practice outside. | |||||
41 | 15 | "Clean Up! / When Peter Attacks!" | Greg Grabianski / Jean-Philippe Robin | TBA | |
Clean Up!: Angelo attempts to discreetly clean up a moldy ant covered sandwich he had hidden in his room - without getting busted. When Peter Attacks!: Angelo persuades Mr. Foot to let him use the IT room over the weekend: officially, he'll be researching biology - unofficially? He'll be playing video games online. But come the weekend, it turns out he must babysit Peter. Angelo decides to bring him along and entrust him to Schmitty's care while he plays his games. Except Peter escapes Schmitty's watch. | |||||
42a | 16a | "Cabin Fever" | Matthieu Chevallier & Jean-Philippe Robin | January 16, 2016(Australia)[9] | |
Angelo has been waiting for the weekend to get his parents to sign a test that he failed, to make sure they're as relaxed as can be. Tough luck: a storm breaks out, crushing everyone's plans. Tensions rise, and it looks like Angelo has picked the worst time to break the news about his test. He must find a way to ease the tension - fast. | |||||
42b | 16b | "Frontier Family" | Rick Groel | TBA | |
When Mr. Foot assigns a long book for the class to read, Angelo sets out to prove that he will know all he needs to know about the book without reading a single word of it. | |||||
43a | 17a | "Karate Kids" | Clélia Constantine | January 4, 2016(Australia)[10] | |
Manetti got his brown belt in Zonkarate, Coach Zonka's very own karate, for months already - but he just keep going on about it. Angelo and Sherwood can't wait to get their own brown belts - but, in order to do so, they must hack a wooden board in two with one hand - that's impossible. Unless they turn into Manetti, that is. | |||||
43b | 17b | "Ice Cream Panic" | Jean-Philippe Robin | TBA | |
Angelo's enjoying a cone of his favorite ice-cream at Adventure Park. But Dad criticizes the recipe, and the saleswoman hires him to rethink their whole range of flavors. She hands him a suitcase full of refrigerated samples along with a form to fill out. Angelo has got to get the suitcase away from Dad before he decides to remove the "Angelo Special" from the menu. | |||||
44a | 18a | "Mini Grand Prix" | Matthieu Chevallier | January 5, 2016(Australia)[11] | |
Angelo and Sherwood have stranded their remote-controlled car in Geezer's garden. Their neighbor has no intention of returning the toy, although he already owns one of his own. In order to get it back, Angelo and Sherwood challenge Geezer to a race between their two cars. But Geezer's is much more powerful than theirs. | |||||
44b | 18b | "The Case Of Missing Controlers" | Andy Rheingold | TBA | |
When Dad misplaces Angelo's prized video game controllers and then goes on a trip, Angelo rallies his friends, mom and Peter to find the controllers at all costs. | |||||
45a | 19a | "Stealth Plan" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | January 13, 2016(Australia)[12] | |
Angelo has snatched back all the desserts Tracy had unfairly confiscated at the school cafeteria. But he's left incriminating evidence: a shoe print in a lasagna dish. Now he must make fake lasagna before his shoe-print lands him in detention. Better yet: fabricate a new shoe print pointing to a new culprit - like Tracy, for instance. | |||||
45b | 19b | "Break A Leg" | Serine Barbin | January 6, 2016(Australia)[13] | |
Eww. Angelo has been cast as Tracy's enamoured suitor for the school play - which he has to act in front of the whole class. gross. The only one who'll take his part is Manetti. But that means Angelo must turn Manetti into a brilliant actor before the show, and the big bully can't memorize over a word at a time. | |||||
46a | 20a | "Buddy Guard" | Serine Barbin | January 8, 2016(Australia)[14] | |
46b | 20b | "Girl Pyjama Party" | Serine Barbin | January 12, 2016(Australia)[15] | |
Lola's girl's night in is totally ruined by Tracy, who crashes the party and claims she can talk to spirits. This calls for one of Angelo's rescue strategies. But Tracy's being extra suspicious - the only way to kick her out is to make her believe the spirits do talk to her - and they're telling her to get out. | |||||
47a | 21a | "Revolution" | Jean-Philippe Robin | January 14, 2016(Australia)[16] | |
Mr. Foot has put Tracy in charge of the school surveillance. The thing is, Tracy is Mr. Foot's niece, and she goes on a power trip, punishing kids under all kinds of ludicrous pretenses, making up new rules as she goes along. Angelo has had enough of her behavior: this calls for a revolution. | |||||
47b | 21b | "Cosmic Pirates" | Jean-Philippe Robin | January 17, 2016(Australia)[17] | |
Manetti lends his favorite movie, Cosmic Pirates 17, to Angelo and his buddies. The movie is totally lame. But things go awry when Angelo accidentally damages the precious DVD: the last five minutes are all scratched. Since they can't get another copy, Angelo and his friends decide to re-shoot the end of the movie. | |||||
48a | 22a | "Battle For The Room" | Nicolas Verpilleux | January 9, 2016(Australia)[18] | |
Angelo, Sherwood and Lola have started an awesome rock band for the school party. To make sure they're ready, they decide to rehearse in the community center. But Geezer's hogging it with his stupid boards game society - it's only got one member: him. Angelo and his friends will do whatever it takes to kick him out and finally get a chance to rehearse. | |||||
48b | 22b | "Foot By Foot" | Nicolas Verpilleux | January 15, 2016(Australia)[19] | |
Angelo finds a box full of Elena's old tests and realizes Mr Foot has been giving the same ones for years. Which means Elena holds all the answers. What a windfall. Elena agrees to share her precious papers with Angelo so he won't have to study for tests again - on one condition: he must do her all sorts of favors. | |||||
49a | 23a | "Air Guitar Hero" | Matthieu Chevallier | January 3, 2016(Australia)[20] | |
Slobber is holding an air guitar battle whose winner will feature in their next video clip. Angelo is determined to win. But Ethan, the online air-guitar champion, is competing, too, dashing every other contestant's hopes of winning. Angelo teams up with Lola and Sherwood and work on a killer routine. Then Lola gets stage fright. | |||||
49b | 23b | "The Ultimate Locker" | Jean-Philippe Robin | January 11, 2016(Australia)[21] | |
Angelo secretly transforms his locker into the coolest hangout in school, until jealous Tracy tries to shut it down. | |||||
50 | 24 | "Bed Race" | Benjamin Richard & Thérésia Rippel | TBA | |
Everyone is taking part in the town's big bed race. And, this year, Angelo is bent upon winning - Tracy cheated her way to the trophy last year and there's no way that's happening again. Angelo's got an aerodynamic bed, a super-trained bed-pusher, he's got intel on his competition and a secret ally on the course - This year, anything goes. | |||||
51 | 25 | "Brain Scrambler" | Andy Rheingold | TBA | |
Angelo and friends celebrate the end of school at Adventureparkland and ride the brand new Brainscrambler roller coaster dozens of times which causes them to lose their memory of party. The three spend the rest of the day trying to desperately figure out why Sherwood has a beard, who Lola kissed, and where Angelo's dad's video camera had gone. | |||||
52 | 26 | "The Candy Vault" | TBA | TBA | |
When Angelo finds out about a giant candy vault located under the school that holds every piece of candy that has ever been confiscated, he and the gang set out to pull off the greatest candy heist of all time and take back what's theirs. |
Season 3
No. overall | No. in season | Title | Written by | Original air date | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
53 | 1 | "Space Cadet/The Cheating Kind" | TBD | 2016 | |
Space Cadet: Angelo and Lola help Sherwood get into Space Camp by making an elaborate video of Sherwood as an astronaut with the Right Stuff. The Cheating Kind: Angelo tries a variety of strategies in an effort to cure Tracy of her obsession with cheating on anything, anywhere, anytime. |
Broadcast
Angelo Rules airs on Cartoon Network in over 152 countries. In the United States, the series was acquired by Cartoon Network and premiered on 1 January 2010, and the season two debuted on 2 June 2014.[22][23]
Reception
Angelo Rules was one of 24 nominees for the second International Emmy Kids Awards in 2013.[24]
References
- ^ "Angelo La Débrouille: Zoom Sur (teamto.com)". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-26.
- ^ a b Angelo Rules Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Cake. Accessed April 2014.
- ^ http://kidscreen.com/2016/11/29/angelo-rules-season-four-heads-into-production/
- ^ Wolfe, Jennifer (September 11, 2014). "CAKE's 'Angelo Rules' Back for Season Three". Animation World Network. London. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
- ^ a b "Angelo! — Episodenguide". Fernsehserien. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Season 2 Episode". Foxtel TV Guide. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Angelo Rules". Cartoon Network. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ The Deadline Team (10 March 2014). "Cartoon Network Unveils Upfront Slate For 2014-15". Deadline Hollywood. PMC. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ International Emmy Kids Awards nominees announced Archived 2013-10-16 at the Wayback Machine. International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Accessed April 2014.
External links
- Angelo Rules at IMDb
- 2009 French television series debuts
- France Télévisions shows
- French children's animated action television series
- French children's animated adventure television series
- French children's animated comedy television series
- French children's animated fantasy television series
- 2000s French animated television series
- French computer-animated television series
- French television shows based on children's books
- Animated television series about children
- European television show stubs