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Erythronium americanum

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Erythronium americanum
Trout lily blooming in Stouffville (Ontario, Canada).

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Subfamily: Lilioideae
Tribe: Lilieae
Genus: Erythronium
Species:
E. americanum
Binomial name
Erythronium americanum
Range within North America
Synonyms[2]

Erythronium flavum Sm.

Erythronium americanum, the trout lily, yellow trout lily, or yellow dogtooth violet, is a species of perennial, colony forming, spring ephemeral flower native to North America and dwelling in woodland habitats. Within its range it is a very common and widespread species, especially in eastern North America.[3] The common name "trout lily" refers to the appearance of its gray-green leaves mottled with brown or gray, which allegedly resemble the coloring of brook trout.[4][5]

The range is from Labrador south to Georgia, west to Mississippi, and north to Minnesota.[6][7]

Description

Flowers

A yellow trout lily produces an erect flower stalk with a nodding, bisexual flower with 6 recurved, yellow, lanceolote tepals. The 20 to 33 mm long tepals are composed of 3 petals and 3 petal-like sepals.[3] E. americanum does not flower for the first 4 to 7 years of its life.[5][6] In any given colony, only 0.5% will have flowers.[8][3]

Trout lilies bloom in early spring before the trees growing above them develop leaves. Blooming at this time allows them unobstructed access to sunlight and time to grow when soil nutrient levels are high. The flowers close at night.[8]

Leaves

Non-flowering plants grow a single leaf whereas flowering plants grow 2 basal leaves.[9] The 8 to 23 centimeters long yellow trout lily leaves grow in the spring and range from elliptic to lanceolate leaves, the leaves may be mottled with gray to purple and have entire leaf margins.[3]

Fruit and sexual reproduction

Erythronium americanum does not reproduce very effectively via sexual reproduction with only 10% of pollinated flowers developing seeds.[10] The fruit is a 12 to 5 mm long capsule that is held off the ground by the flower stalk.[3] E. americanum is a myrmecochorous plant, meaning that ants help disperse the seeds and reduce seed predation. To make the seeds more appealing to ants they have an elaiosome which is a structure that attracts ants.[11]

Bulb and asexual reproduction

A trout lily grows from a 15 to 28 mm oval underground bulb. The bulb is often located in the upper 11 cm of soil although it may be as deep as 30 cm.[9][8] The bulbs of E. americanum are buried very deeply compared to other lily family plants. The bulbs are mostly composed of storage tissue containing large amounts of energy rich starch. The bulb is covered by a papery husk which is the remains of the previous year's stalk.[12]

Trout lilies grow in colonies, some of which have been dated to be up to 300 years old.[2][4] The individuals within a colony will often reproduce asexually via a "dropper" or from small bulbs budding off of the main bulb. A dropper is a tubular fleshy stem that grows out from a parent bulb, up toward the surface and then penetrates deep into the soil where another bulb is formed from the tip of the dropper. The stem connecting the daughter and parent bulb then dies.[10]

Subspecies

There are two subspecies, Erythronium americanum subsp. americanum and Erythronium americanum subsp. harperi. The americanum subspecies is a distributed more northerly and the harperi subspecies only occurs in the south, from Louisiana to Tennessee and Georgia.[13] The subspecies differ in the shape of the capsule and stigma, with E. americanum subsp. americanum having a capsule with a rounded, truncate, or short-apiculate tip and erect stigma lobes without groves. E. americanum subsp. harperi has a distinctly apiculate capsule apex and stigma lobes which are both grooved and recurved.[13]

References

  1. ^ "Erythronium americanum". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  2. ^ a b "Erythronium americanum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ a b c d e Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium americanum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 June 2016 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ a b Coulber, Sarah. "Trout Lily – Erythronium americanum". Canada Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  6. ^ a b Thieret, John W. (2001). National Audubon Society Field Guide to Wildflowers, Eastern Region (revised ed.). Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
  7. ^ "Erythronium americanum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  8. ^ a b c Muller, Robert (1978). "The Phenology, Growth and Ecosystem Dynamics of Erythronium americanum in the Northern Hardwood Forest". Ecological Monographs (48): 1–20. doi:10.2307/2937357.
  9. ^ a b "2003 Yellow Trout Lily (Erythronium Americanum) - Virginia Native Plant Society". Virginia Native Plant Society. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  10. ^ a b Bernhardt, Peter (2003). Wily violets & underground orchids : revelations of a botanist (University of Chicago Press ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226043661.
  11. ^ Ruhren, Scott; Dudash, Michele (1996). "Consequences of the Timing of Seed Release of Erythronium americanum (Liliaceae), a Deciduous Forest Myrmecochore" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 83: 633. doi:10.2307/2445923. JSTOR 2445923.
  12. ^ Gawler, Ker; Bellenden, John (1808). "Erythronium americanum: Yellow-flowered Dog's-tooth-violet". Botanical Magazine. 28. pl. 1113.
  13. ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Erythronium americanum​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
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