Kapu (caste)
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Kapu refers to a social grouping of agriculturists found primarily in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Kapus are primarily an agrarian community, forming a heterogeneous peasant caste.
They are classified as a Forward Caste in Andhra Pradesh, where they are the dominant community in the districts of East Godavari and West Godavari.[1] They are distinct from three other Kapu communities that were present in the state prior to its bifurcation with the creation of Telangana in 2014. The Munnuru Kapu are found primarily in Telangana, the Turpu Kapu in the areas of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam, and the Balija in Rayalaseema. The first two of these other three communities are classified as Other Backward Classes.[2]
Etymology
Kāpu literally means cultivator or agriculturist in Telugu.[3] Various subgroups of Kapus branched off into separate communities in the post-Kakatiya period (Velamas, Panta Kapus and Pakanati Kapus—both of whom got labelled Reddys, and Kapus of Kammanadu—eventually labelled Kammas).[4] The remaining Kapus continue to use the original label. All the cultivator caste clusters have a common ancestry in the legends.[5] According to Cynthia Talbot, the transformation of occupational identities as caste labels occurred in the late Vijayanagara period (17th century) or later.[6]
Status
The Kapu are considered to be a Shudra community in the traditional Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna.[7][8][9]
The Kapu have been described by Srinivasulu as a "dominant peasant caste in coastal Andhra", with the Telaga listed as "a backward peasant caste" and the Balija as a peasant caste who hold Lingayat beliefs. Srinisavulu has analysed the 1921 census of India to cause alignment with the present-day state and classification system, from which he concludes that Kapus (including Reddys) amounted to around 17 percent of the state's then population and were regarded as a Forward caste, whilst the Balija and Telaga were regarded as Backward castes, comprising 3 percent and 5 percent of the 1921 population, respectively.[10]
Srinivasulu notes that the Reddys and Kammas are the politically dominant communities of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and that the Kapus are among a group with lesser but still significant influence, despite their small population. They are particularly effective in the districts of East Godavari and West Godavari, although Srinivasulu notes that "The Kapus of the coastal districts are distinct from the Munnur Kapus of Telangana. While the former are fairly prosperous, the political emergence of the latter, who are part of the OBC category, is a recent phenomenon."[11]
The official government classifications rarely distinguished between the Kapu sub-castes. All Kapus were classified as forming a backward caste in 1915 by the British government of the Madras Presidency, which remained in force even after the formation of Andhra Pradesh until 1956. In that year, the government of Andhra Pradesh removed Kapus from the list of backward castes. Even though various governments have since made efforts to include them again, the efforts have not been successful. In 1968, the Anantha Raman Commission set up by the Andhra Pradesh government recognised Munnuru Kapus and Turpu Kapus as backward classes, but not the Kapus as a whole. The Mandal Commission set up by the Government of India in the 1980s recommended that Kapus be included among the Other Backward Classes (OBC). But the state governments were entrusted with finalising the list of castes for the OBC category. The state commission headed by N. K. Muralidhar Rao did not recommend any change to the status of the other Kapu castes.[12]
In early 2016, the Kapus of the residual Andhra Pradesh state launched an agitation demanding the OBC status, leading to violent protests.[13][14] The Indian National Congress party and the YSR Congress party have supported their demand.[15] The then-ruling Telugu Desam Party was said to be opposed to the demand.[16]
Notable people
References
Citations
- ^ "Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh, India: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories" (PDF). ODI. p. 4. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ Gudavarthy, Ajay (2014). Maoism, Democracy and Globalisation: Cross-currents in Indian Politics. SAGE Publishing India. p. 81. ISBN 978-9-35150-425-2.
- ^ Talbot 2001, p. 74.
- ^ Talbot 2001, pp. 192, 206.
- ^ Talbot 2001, p. 206.
- ^ Talbot 2001, p. 86.
- ^ Sahitya Akademi (1996). Indian literature. Sähitya Akademi. p. 177. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Verma, Harnam Singh (2005). The OBCs and the ruling classes in India. Rawat Publications. p. 309. ISBN 978-81-7033-885-7. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Säävälä, Minna (2001). Fertility and familial power relations: procreation in south India. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Psychology Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7007-1484-1. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ Srinivasulu, K. (September 2002). Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. pp. Glossary of castes, 4. ISBN 0-85003-612-7. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Srinivasulu, K. (September 2002). Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 3. ISBN 0-85003-612-7. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ Rao, M. L. Kantha (2014), A study of the socio political mobility of the kapu caste in modern Andhra, University of Hyderabad/Shodhganga, Chapter 5
- ^ Kapus in Andhra set 6 train bogies, 2 police stations ablaze for quota, The Times of India, 1 February 2016.
- ^ 5 things to know about Kapus, their reservation demand and protests, Hindustan Times, 1 February 2016.
- ^ Pass Bill to include Kapus in BC list: Cong., The Hindu, 25 January 2016.
- ^ TDP, BJP oppose inclusion of Kapus in the list of BCs, The Hindu, 5 February 2016.
- ^ "After Series of 'Outsiders', Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years". News18. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- ^ "It all began at the auto stand". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ "Kapu leaders rally behind Mudragada". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
Bibliography
- Talbot, Cynthia (2001), Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19803-123-9
Further reading
- Brimnes, Niels (1999). Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India. Routledge. ISBN 9780700711062.
- Devi, Konduri Sarojini (May 1990). Religion in Vijayanagara Empire. Sterling Publishers. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (1999). Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226340517.
- Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929. University of California Press.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: the Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. London: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-85065-670-8.
- Kumari, A. Vijaya; Bhaskar, Sepuri (1 March 1998). Social change among Balijas: majority community of Andhra Pradesh. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-7533-072-6. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999). The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125016618.
- Mukund, Kanakalatha (2005). The View from Below: Indigenous Society, Temples, and the Early Colonial State in Tamilnadu, 1700-1835. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125028000.
- Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002). The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650 (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521892261.
- Swarnalatha, P. (2005). The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 - c. 1850. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125028680.
- Ziadi, Sunita (1989). "Mughal State and Tribes in 17th century". Indian Economic and Social History Review. 26: 343–362. doi:10.1177/001946468902600304.