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Ain Dara (archaeological site)

Coordinates: 36°27′33.7″N 36°51′7.5″E / 36.459361°N 36.852083°E / 36.459361; 36.852083
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For other places with the same name, see Ain Dara.

Ain Dara temple
The remains of the Ain Dara temple before 2018
Ain Dara (archaeological site) is located in Syria
Ain Dara (archaeological site)
Shown within Syria
LocationAin Dara village, Afrin, Syria
Coordinates36°27′33.7″N 36°51′7.5″E / 36.459361°N 36.852083°E / 36.459361; 36.852083
TypeTemple
Part ofAcropolis
Length30 m (98 ft)
Width20 m (66 ft)
Area600 m2 (6,500 sq ft)
History
Materialstone
Foundedc. 1300 BC to 740 BC
PeriodsIron Age
CulturesAramean
Site notes
Excavation dates1980–1985
Conditionruins
Public accessYes

The Ain Dara temple, located near the village of Ain Dara, in Afrin, Syria is an Iron Age Syro-Hittite temple noted for its similarities to Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, as described in the Hebrew Bible.[1][2][3] According to the excavator Ali Abu Assaf, it was in existence from 1300 BC until 740 BC and remained "basically the same" during the period of the Solomonic Temple's construction (1000–900 BC) as it had been before,[4] so that it predates the Solomon Temple.[5] The temples of Emar, Mumbaqa, and Ebla (Temple D) are also comparable, as is the nearby 8th-century Tell Tayinat temple.[3] The surviving sculptures depict lions and sphinxes (comparable to the cherubim of the First Temple).

Massive footprints were carved into the floor; whether of giants, humans or animals is debatable.[4] Also left to speculation is to whom the temple is dedicated. Ain Dara may have been devoted to Ishtar, goddess of fertility,[6] or to the related female goddess Astarte.[7] It also might have been dedicated to the deity Ba'al Hadad; or it might have been an oracle temple on a road known as "the international highway" between the Syrian Desert and Mediterranean Sea.[8]

In late January 2018, the temple was significantly damaged by Turkish Air Force jets in the course of their Afrin offensive.[9] Reports indicate that at least 60% percent of the structure was reduced to rubble.[10] Viewing photos and video released online, one can see that the entire front facade of the temple has been destroyed. The site's emblematic basalt lion was stolen in December 2019 by members of the al-Hamzat militia, a part of the Syrian National Army.[11]

Geography

Ain Dara temple is located in north Syria, 67 kilometres (42 mi) northwest of Aleppo near the Syro-Turkish border. It was built on a terrace known as the "acropolis of the tell". The tell itself is precipitous-faced and overlooks the Afrin Valley. The area is divided in two parts, the main tell that is 25 m (82 ft) above the surrounding plain, and the lower acropolis which covers an area of 25 ha (60 acres).[3][4][12][dubious – discuss]

Just east of the temple site is the modern-day village of Ain Dara.

History of excavation

Colossal basalt lion found in 1955

The discovery of the temple was the result of a fortuitous finding of a colossal basalt lion in 1955. Excavations in 1956, 1962, and 1964 were conducted by Maurice Dunand and Feisal Seirafi; beginning in 1976, Ali Abu Assaf continued the work.[13]

History of the tell and temple

The earliest habitation signs on the tell are from the Chalcolithic period during the fourth millennium BC, and the tell remained occupied until the Ottoman period (1517 -1917).[3][4]

Ali Abu Assaf discovered the temple and inferred that it was built in three structural phases in the period from about 1300 BC to 740 BC. The first phase was from 1300–1000 BC, the second phase from 1000–900 BC, and third phase from 900–740 BC.[3][4]

Architecture and fittings

General outline

Ain Dara Temple before the Turkish bombing destroyed it in early 2018.
Detail of the outer wall of the Ain Dara temple, showing two lions

The Ain Dara temple, as excavated, has revealed a three-part layout with structural blocks of basalt on limestone foundations. However, it has been conjectured that the temple probably had a mud-brick superstructure covered with wood paneling, which has not survived.[3][4]

Exterior

A courtyard built with sandstones provides the approach to the temple. The courtyard is paved with flagstones where a chalkstone basin for ceremonial purposes is seen.[4] The temple, 30 by 20 m (98 by 66 ft) in size, faces southeast.[3][4] Its exterior contains a cherubim relief.[14] The entrance porch, or portico, marked by two basalt piers or pillars, and a wide hall, were not roofed over and were part of an open courtyard. The entrance pillars appear to have architectural and cultic significance.[3] A sphinx and two lions decorate the temple portico flanking the three steps (out of four) made from basalt.

Interior

The main sections include the porch, a middle room and an inner room or sanctum. The middle room is 6 metres (20 ft) by 15.5 metres (51 ft) in area and is lined with lion reliefs, guilloché, and panels resembling windows. The square main hall is 16 metres (52 ft) by 16 metres (52 ft); at the rear end of this hall reliefs and a stele were added as part of shrine. There are basalt reliefs in the lower wall panels. An elevated podium (0.75 m (2 ft 6 in) high platform), a niche, and a secondary wall are part of the visible remains. In the small shrine area situated at the innermost area of the temple, the wall has carved sockets and grooves,[3] which point to the former presence of a wooden screen. A ramp joins the main room to the platform area and the sanctum. The back wall of the sanctum has a niche which probably housed a statue of a god or goddess.[4] Paved floors and walls reliefs are visible in the multistoried hallways, at least three stories high, that flank three sides of the temple,[3] with at least one southern entrance. Figure-eight lattice patterns are included on two false, recessed windows that were carved into the temple walls.[2] While all these were dated as part of first and second phase creations, material remains unearthed at the site identify additions made in the third phase of construction, an "ambulatory with a series of side chambers on three sides of the temple". It has also been inferred that these chambers were part of the pre-existing temple platform and not linked to the main temple.[4]

Footprints

Left: The left footprint (ca. 1 metre in length). Right: The right footprint (about 1 metre in length)

A pair of large, bare footprints, each about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length, are carved into the stone floors of the portico, followed by a single footprint carved beyond the first two, and another single footprint carved into the threshold, "marking the deity’s procession into the cella".[clarification needed] [4][8][12] It is also conjectured[who?] that these foot prints could be of unidentified "immense clawed creatures". The inference[according to whom?] is that the right footprint seen on the threshold, which is spaced at about 10 m (30 ft) from the first footprint, could be of human or goddess, 20 m (66 ft) in height. Monson has also noted that the deities in all the Ain Dara temple reliefs have "shoes with curled-up toes". Hence, the source of the footprints, whether of gods or humans or animals, is debatable.[4]

Similarities with Solomon's Temple

Conceptual sketch of elevation of Solomon's Temple as explained in the Hebrew Bible

After the 1980–1985 excavations, the similarities between the temple at Ain Dara with Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem, as described in the Biblical texts though not seen on ground, were discussed by archaeologists and historians. Already the smaller 8th-century Tell Tayinat temple, discovered during excavations in 1936 and located about 50 miles (80 km) away, had "caused a sensation because of its similarities to Solomon’s Temple."[3][4]

There are many features in common with Solomon's Temple as described in the Book of Kings. The layout of Dara is similar to that of the Biblical temple, which was also of a long room plan with the three-room configuration of a portico at the entrance followed by the main chamber with the shrine. The difference is in the antechamber, which is an add-on in the Ain Dara temple. The size of the Solomon temple was 35 m (115 ft) by 9 m (30 ft) while that of the Ain Dara is 30 m (98 ft) long by 20 m (66 ft) wide without side chambers. Other similarities include: location on a high raised site overlooking a city; erected on a raised platform, with a narrow portico and a roof supported on pillars flanked by reliefs on the walls, and carvings of similar motifs; and the raised podium. In brief, 33 of the architectural elements found in Ain Dara are tallied with 65 of the features mentioned in the Biblical description of Solomon's Temple.[4][15]

Destruction in 2018–2019

Destruction by Turkish military in 2018

In late January 2018, both the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and pro-rebel Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported major destruction of the temple following airstrikes by the Turkish Air Force in the course of their Afrin offensive.[16][17] Aerial bombardments of the Ain Dara site were first reported by a local resident via Dutch news network NOS on 23 January 2018.[18]

As reported on MSN news, with the headline "Blown to bits", it is clear the temple was heavily damaged. "For 3,000 years, the lion sculptures of Syria's Ain Dara stood as testaments to the Iron Age. But as Turkish bombardment pounds the region, they have little left but their paws."[19]

As stated by the Directorate of Antiquities in Afrin on 31 January 2018:

"Turkish forces revealed the occupation of Syrian geography in its real face, especially the Turkish state, since the declaration of war on Afrin canton on 20 January 2018, as it escalated Operation Olive Branch to go beyond the targeting of military forces to include shelling villages and towns full of civilians from the elderly, children and women To the rich and varied history and civilization of the province from prehistoric times to the present day."
"On 27 January 2018, the Turkish state warplanes bombarded and damaged the ancient "Ein -Darat" temple, despite its distance from the fighting fronts and the areas of engagement, by about 20 kilometers. Accordingly, the Directorate of Antiquities in Afrin canton and all the bodies and councils associated with Democratic Autonomous Administration and civil institutions condemn this savage shelling of sites and archaeological sites that are the property of all mankind. We call on the international community and all organizations involved in this field to intervene immediately, seriously and Turkish Cultural and Human Heritage in Afrin canton".[20]

The Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and Syrian Ministry of Culture issued a statement condemning the attack on the site as "aggression of the Turkish regime on archaeological sites in the northern countryside of Aleppo" and called on international organizations to denounce the attack on Ain Dara.[21]

BBC News reported that "Turkey is indiscriminately shelling civilians in Afrin" where Ain Dara is located.[22]

More than 2,200 people have been "neutralized" in the Afrin region of Syria as part of Turkey's ongoing military operations there, Turkish authorities said 1 March 2018. The Turkish Armed Forced used the term "neutralized" to describe capturing enemies dead or alive, or those who have surrendered to Ankara forces.[23]

Basalt lion stolen by Turkish-backed group, former ISIS terrorists in 2019

In early December 2019, Al-Hamzat backed by Turkish forces, took part in Operation Peace Spring, journeying out to eventually plunder the already Turkish-bombed disaster area of 'Ain Dara's archaeological site. It was reported across multiple news outlets including the Syrian information news network of SANA, that this group also carried out illegal excavations in the areas of Afrin and looted facilities near Ras al-Ayn in the Al-Hasakah region of Northeast Syria.[11]

The giant basalt Lion which was stolen in December 2019 by Turkish backed Syrian rebels.

The basalt lion sculpture, which was discovered in 1956, like the Ain Dara temple itself, is now gone:

"On December 20th [2019], the Turkish army and its mercenaries attacked Afrin with tanks, artillery and jets causing massive destruction of the city....Recent footage of a military exercise by a pro-Turkish militia (National Liberation Front) who established a shooting range against the archaeological hill of Ain Dara in the occupied Afrin province invaded and controlled by Turkish forces and their proxy militias last year, revealed the tragic disappearance of the famous historical masterpiece known as The Lion of Afrin. Ain Dara itself was targeted by Turkish jets in 2018 as Turkish units and their proxy forces advanced on the area known for its archaeological wealth that featured one of the world's oldest temples often compared in significance to the Temple of Solomon... The disappearance of the Lion of Afrin marks another war crime against Syrian history and humanity at large."[24]

Looting groups backed by the Turkish military

Before the tragic archaeological loss occurred, the Washington DC based VOAA news agency reported al-Hamzat's role in the Turkish offensive on 9 October 2019:

"Ahmed Rahal, a former Syrian military general... said "Rebel groups such as ...al-Hamzat Division ...will play a MAJOR role in capturing towns that currently are under the control of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a military alliance of Arab and Kurdish fighters." "Despite a U.S.-Turkish agreement in August to establish a buffer zone in northern Syria between Turkish forces and Kurdish YPG fighters, Turkey had been threatening for months to invade Syria's northeast. ...The main objective for these rebel forces is to make certain that U.S.-backed forces "such as the SDF have no role in the future of Syria."[25]

The Hamzat Division, founded in April 2016 in Turkey, was one of the first Turkish-backed Syrian groups that entered the Syrian town of Jarablus in 2017 alongside the Turkish military.[26] In March 2018, Turkish military and allied Syrian rebels took control of the Kurdish-majority town of Afrin in northwestern Syria.[27] In October 2019, after the United States withdrawal from northern Syria, the Turkish backed SNA was formed after a merger of several Turkish-backed Syrian rebel groups formed to discipline their forces after Major Abuses and War Crimes were exposed in Afrin by the United Nations earlier in February.[25]

Warnings gone by as careless and/or deliberate destruction continues

U.N. organizations and human rights groups have heavily warned since February 2019 that Turkish backed rebel forces were carrying out systematic violent and deadly attacks against Kurdish civilians in Afrin.[28] “The commission finds there are reasonable grounds to believe that armed group members in Afrin committed the war crimes of hostage-taking, cruel treatment, torture, and pillage,” the United Nations report said.[29]

Further, Philippe Nassif, director for the Nobel Prize organization, Middle East and North Africa at Amnesty International warned: "A Turkish assault on northeastern Syria, a country ravaged by war and a humanitarian crisis, would likely cause massive civilian harm and further displacement of hundreds of thousands of civilians [creating] a new refugee crisis on top of the one that has already led to over 5 million Syrians fleeing their country would be a tragedy of epic proportions."[30] Despite multiple warnings, no international steps were taken by any nation, to protect Ain Dara, which is a loss for all human history.

On 11 October 2019, the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights also warned and reported that members of al-Hamzat were former ISIS terrorists who kidnapped and murdered locals:

"One of the elements of the Turkish-backed faction was a person working with a leader in (al-Farouk al-Islami) faction and then became the Emir of the Islamic State in Welayat Homs, as they call it...They were members of the Islamic State and then moved to Al-Bab and joined the ranks of the al-Hamzat Division. When they were exposed, they were dismissed without accountability as if they had sinned and forgiven. We still receive threats from this gang while we are in Turkish territory."[31]

Turkish bombing of Afrin, Syria.

The end of Ain Dara and the ancient basalt lion

After months of warnings, on 17 December 2019, the Prensa Latina news source detailed the looting of Ain Dara, reporting:

"...these elements carried out illegal excavations in areas of the town of Afrin, in the north of Aleppo and looted properties and facilities in the village of Tal Mohammed and near that of Ras Al Ayn, in that of Hasaka. Various sources also indicated that in the village of Joga, near the aforementioned Afrin, terrorists of the Al Hamzat organization seized a Basalt Lion at the Archaeological site of Ain Dara"...[32]

In early December the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights again reported on the al-hamzat group stating:

"...the militants have been systematically looting antiquities in the Afrin district, particularly in the city of al-Nabi Hori – also known as Korsh – ever since Turkish military forces and their Syrian proxies launched an operation to push Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militants away from a "safe zone" along Syria's border with Turkey... The SOHR highlighted that Turkish-affiliated militants, namely members of the so-called Soqoor al-Shamal terror group, have been carrying out indiscriminate excavations by heavy machinery in the area... The operations have also led to the destruction of fragile historical artifacts such as glassware, porcelain ware, pottery and mosaic paintings. On 6 November 2019, a worker at an illegal excavation site posted on Facebook pictures of three mosaics and other artifacts. ..The paintings, nevertheless, strongly indicated that they have been recovered from a mountainous site controlled by Turkish-backed militants."[33]

There are many tell [archaeological mound] sites in the surrounding area, such as Tall Sulaymānī, which in Arabic means "Tell of Solomon". Furthermore, to the east also is Qamishli, the second largest city in the al-Hasakah Governorate, which was home to a significant Jewish community in ancient times. It was also the modern center of Syriac Christianity, formed after the 1915 Assyrian Genocide, which followed the Armenian and Greek Genocides perpetrated against the Syrian Christians during WWI. An estimated 20,000 Christians left the city of Qamishli after the 2011 Syrian War erupted.[34] Qamishli is situated at the base of the Taurus Mountains, located near the area of ancient Hurrian city of Urkesh, which was founded during the 3000 BC era. Excavations have been on hold during the Syrian War since 2011, but unlike Ain Dara, the Urkesh site is protected by Kurdish YPG troops since 2016. Additionally, in the town of Urkesh, the copper Louvre lion and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in Hurrian was discovered, dating to the Akkadian period of 2300 – 2159 BC. A second, copper lion found there, is on permanent exhibit in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

References

  1. ^ King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 334.
  2. ^ a b Long, Jesse (January 2002). 1 & 2 Kings. College Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-89900-882-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Monson, John M. (June 1999). "The Temple of Solomon: Heart of Jerusalem". In Hess, Richard S.; Wenham, Gordon J. (eds.). Zion, city of our God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 12–19. ISBN 978-0-8028-4426-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Monson, John M. "The New 'Ain Dara Temple: Closest Solomonic Parallel" (PDF). michaelsheiser.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
  5. ^ Hicks, John Mark (March 2001). 1 & 2 Chronicles. College Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-89900-883-7.
  6. ^ Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000). Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
  7. ^ Lemaire, Andra(c); Adams, Dr Samuel; Baruch Halpern (2009). Book of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception. BRILL. p. 297. ISBN 978-90-04-17729-1.
  8. ^ a b Walton, John H.; Baker, David W.; Bodi, Daniel; Paul W. Ferris (2009). Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel. Zondervan. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-310-25576-5.
  9. ^ Syrian government says Turkish shelling damaged ancient temple
  10. ^ Turkish bombing damages 3,000-year-old temple in northern Syria
  11. ^ a b al-Sabbagh, Hazem (16 December 2019). "American newspaper: Militants affiliated with Turkey stole basalt lion statue from Ain Dara archeological site". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  12. ^ a b Stone, Elizabeth Caecilia; Zimansky, Paul E. (1999). The Iron age settlement at ʻAin Dara, Syria: survey and surroundings. J. and E. Hedges. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-84171-103-4.
  13. ^ Lehmann, Gunnar (February 2002). "Reviewed work(s): The Iron Age Settlement at ʿAin Dara, Syria: Survey and Soundings by Elizabeth C. Stone; Paul E. Zimansky". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (325). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 83. JSTOR 1357717.
  14. ^ Block, Daniel I. (October 2008). Israel: Ancient Kingdom Or Late Invention?. B&H Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8054-4679-1.
  15. ^ "Searching for the Temple of King Solomon". Biblical Archaeology Society. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  16. ^ "Syrian government says Turkish shelling damaged ancient temple". reuters.com. Reuters. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  17. ^ "Syria condemns Turkey's attacks on ancient sites in Afrin". xinhuanet.com. Xinhua. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  18. ^ "Burgers in Afrin over Turkse bombardementen: niemand kijkt naar ons om". nos.nl (in Dutch). NOS. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  19. ^ "Syrian government says Turkish shelling damaged ancient temple". msn.com. MSN. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  20. ^ "Directorate of Antiquities- Turkish Occupation Army targets Archaeological Sites". Directorate of Antiquities – Turkish Occupation Army targets Archaeological Sites. 31 January 2018. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  21. ^ "Turkish forces destroy parts of the ancient Ain Dara temple in Afrin (PHOTOS, VIDEO)". Voice of People Today. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  22. ^ "Turkey is indiscriminately shelling civilians in Afrin". bbc.com. BBC. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  23. ^ "Turkish military: 2,222 terrorists 'neutralized' in Syria's Afrin region". upi.com. UPI. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  24. ^ "Lion of Afrin: Victim of Archaeological Mafias and War Criminals". InsideOver. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  25. ^ a b "Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive?". Voice of America. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Syrian National Army (SNA)". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  27. ^ Gall, Carlotta; Barnard, Anne (18 March 2018). "Syrian Rebels, Backed by Turkey, Seize Control of Afrin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
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  29. ^ "Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (A/HRC/40/70) [EN/AR] – Syrian Arab Republic". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  30. ^ "With US Troop Pullout from Syria, What are the Options for Kurds?". Voice of America. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Former IS members the Turkish-backed aal-Hamzat Division" kidnapped citizens and threatened them after their release • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  32. ^ "Denuncian saqueo de sitios arqueológicos en Siria". prensa-latina.cu (in European Spanish). Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Turkish-backed militants loot historical artifacts in northern Syria: SOHR". PressTV. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  34. ^ Hermann, Rainer; Qamischli. "Syrien: Die letzten Christen von Qamischli". faz.net (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
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