Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)

Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)
Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)
Part of the Cuban Revolution
	Presidential Palace Attack Havana, Cuba. 13 March 1957
Date	13 March 1957
Location	Havana, Cuba; 23°08′30″N 82°21′24″W / 23.14167°N 82.35667°W
Caused by	Tyranny
Goals	Remove Batista from power
Methods	Surprise attack
Resulted in	Failure
Parties
Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil	Batista military police
Lead figures
	Carlos Gutiérrez Menoyo †; Faure Chaumón Mediavilla; José Antonio Echeverría †; Ignacio Gonzalez Menelao Mora Morales
Number
50
Casualties
Death(s)	30
Arrested	2
Detained	2
Charged	2

The attack on the presidential palace in Havana took place at around 3:30 PM on the March 13, 1957. The Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil had the objective of killing Fulgencio Batista. The attack failed.^[2] According to one of the attackers, Faure Chomón of the Revolutionary Directorate, they were following the golpe arriba strategy and together with Menelao Mora Morales sought to overthrow the government by killing President Fulgencio Batista.^[3]

Plan

The plan, as explained by Faure Chaumón Mediavilla, was to attack the Presidential Palace by a commando of fifty men and simultaneously support the operation by one hundred men occupying the radio station Radio Reloj at the Radiocentro CMQ Building to announce the death of Batista.^[1] The attack on the palace would result in the elimination of Fulgencio Batista, the purpose of taking of Radio Reloj, was to announce the death of Batista and to call for a general strike, to incite the people of Havana to join the armed struggle.^[1]

The plan to capture of the Presidential Palace by up of fifty men, under the direction of Carlos Gutiérrez Menoyo and Faure Chomón, this command was to be supported by a group of 100 armed men whose function would be to occupy the tallest buildings in the surrounding area of the Presidential Palace (La Tabacalera, the Sevilla Hotel, the Palace of Fine Arts) and, from these positions, support the main command taking over the Presidential Palace. However, this support operation was not carried out as the men who were to participate never arrived at the scene of the events because of last-minute hesitation. Although the revolutionaries reached the third floor of the Palace, they could not execute Batista.^[2]

Havana Police with machine guns immediately following the attack on Calle Zulueta, March 13, 1957.

They spoke in code order to frustrate a potential infiltration or a divulging of the attack in any conversation, it had been agreed early on that they would refer to Palacios as "la casa de los tres kilos."^[1]^[a]

Reprisal

The failed attack provoked a strong reprisal by the Batista police as they launched one of the worst waves of repression and violence Havana had experienced. Police squads, on their own initiative, went after opposition leaders who had not participated in the attack, including Carlos Márquez-Sterling. One of the casualties was an attorney and former senator Dr. Pelayo Cuervo Navarro, a figure in the opposition and leader of the "Ortodoxo" Party. Pelayo Cuervo was assassinated by the police the night of March 13.^[4] Pelayo Cuervo was buried at Colon Cemetery.

Participants

Twenty men out of the one hundred of Batista's presidential guard were killed.^[5] Forty-two men participated in the attack against the Palace, 34 were from the Partido Autentico, and the rest from the Student Directory.^[6]

Dead in the Palace Action:^[7]

Menelao Mora Morales, 52

Carlos Gutíerrez Menoyo (brother of Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo), 34

José Luis Gómez Wangüemert, 31

José Briñas Garcia, 26

Ubaldo (Waldo) Diaz Fuentes, 28

Abelardo Rodriguez Mederos, 30 (driver of one of the cars)

José Castellanos Valdes, (alias "Ventrecha"), 35

Evelio Prieto Guillaume, 33

Adolfo Delgado

Eduardo Panizo Bustos, 32

Pedro Esperon, 45

Reinaldo León Llera, 39

Norberto Hernández Nodal, 45

Pedro Nulasco Monzón, 30

Pedro Tellez Valdes, 37

Mario Casañas Díaz, 28

Asterlo Enls Masa de Armas, 25

Gerardo Medina Candentey

Carlos Manuel Pérez Domingues, 45

Angel Salvador González González, 54

Adolfo Raúl Delgado Rodriguez, 29

Ramón Alraro Betancourt, 36

Celestino Pacheco

Eduardo Domingues Aguilar, 50

Pedro Zayden Rivera, 25

Luis Felipe Almeida Hernandez, 35

José Hernández

Salvador Alfaro

Ormani Arenado Llonch

Radio Reloj

The combatants departed from a basement apartment located on Calle 19 between Calles B and C towards the Radiocentro CMQ Building in three automobiles:^[8]

First Automobile:

Humberto Castelló Aldanás
José [El Moro] Asseff
Enrique Rodríguez Loeches
Pedro Martínez Brito
Aestor Bombino

Second Automobile:

José Antonio Echeverría
Fructuoso Rodríguez
Joe Westbrook
Otto Hernández
Carlos [El Chino] Figueredo

Third Automobile:

Julio García Oliveras
Juan Nuiry Sánchez
Mario Reguera
Antonio [Ñico] Guevara
Héctor Rosales^[9]

The action of Radio Reloj, located in the Radiocentro CMQ Building at Calle 23 and L in El Vedado, was directed by José Antonio Echeverría who was accompanied among others, by Fructuoso Rodríguez, Joe Westbrook, Raúl Diaz Argüelles, Julio García Olivera, including reading a prepared statement announcing the execution of Batista by Echevarria:

"People of Cuba, in these moments the dictator Fulgencio Batista has just been justified. In his own burrow of the Presidential Palace, the people of Cuba have come to settle accounts. And it is we, the Revolutionary Directory, who in the name of the Cuban Revolution have given the shot of grace to this regime of opprobrium. Cubans listening to me. It's just been removed..."[2]

The operation failed because Batista was never killed and the troops guarding the Radio Reloj transmission tower in Arroyo Arenas knocked down the transmission. José Antonio was shot and killed by a Batista patrol car on the corner of November 27 and L, on his way back to the University.^[1]

Surviving the attack :

Angel Eros

Amador Silveriño (driver of the "Fast Delivery" truck.)

Orlando Manrique

Orlando Lamadrid Velazco

Sergio Pereda Velazco

Santiago Aguero

Manuel Toranzo

Ricardo Olmedo (injured during attack; later, shot for attempting to kill Fidel Castro), 40

Faure Chaumón Mediavilla^[1]

Antonio Castell Valdes

Juan Gualberto Valdes

José M. Olivera

Marcos Leonel Remigio González

Juan José Alfonso Zuñiga

Evelio Álvarez

Luís Goicochea

Dead at Radio Reloj attack:

Jose Azef[or Asseff]

Aestor Bombino

Jose Antonio Echevarria

Otto Hernandez

Pedro Martinez Brito

#7 Humboldt Massacre, 20 April 1957

Several students that had taken part in the Presidential Palace attack were killed by Lt. Colonel of the Police Esteban Ventura Novo in the afternoon of 20 April 1957 at apartment 201 of No. 7 Humboldt Street. "A little after 5 PM on Saturday April 20th, the four young men were talking quietly, unaware of what was going on out on the street. They didn’t even suspect that the whole block had been surrounded and that Ventura’s henchmen were secretly making their way up the building’s stairs, at the speed of hyenas looking for blood."^[10] JP Carbó was additionally sought by police for the assassination of Col. Antonio Blanco Rico, Chief of Batista's secret service.^[11] The event has been called “The Humboldt 7 Massacre. "In 1964 the revolutionary courts of the Castro government tried and convicted Marcos Rodríguez Alfonso, aka “Marquitos”, for tipping the police to the Humboldt hideout. Marcos was executed by a firing squad.^[12]^[13]

Declarations

Neighbors living in the surrounding area stated:^[14]^{[circular reference]}

A chief of police and his henchmen began to violently break the door with the butts of their weapons where the young revolutionaries were.

On this fact Rodríguez Loeches participant in the assault on Radio Reloj, stated:

Joe came to the apartment downstairs and asked the tenant to let him be in the living room as if it were on a visit. Soon after they knocked on the door and he opened. He was recognized by the hitmen and although she begged for the young man's life, he barely walked a few steps, when a burst of machine gun ended his life, he was just over twenty years old

He then referred to Juan Pedro Carbó Serviá, when he said:

Carbó went to the elevator, but was intercepted before arriving and being unmercifully machine-gunned. His whole face and body were shot

The young combatant Rodríguez Loeches continued his testimony and noted:

Machadito and Fructuoso darted throughs by a window towards the ground floor. They fell into a long and narrow passageway that belonged to a car agency. At the end there was a gate with a padlock that prevented their exit. As the place from which they fell was too high, Fructuoso lay unconscious on the ground, while Machadito made supreme efforts to rise for he had fractured both ankles. The hitmen inserted a machine gun between the bars and both fighters were shot

Killed at #7 Humboldt

Juan Pedro Carbó [Carbo]

José [Jose] Machado

Fructuoso Rodríguez [Rodriguez]

Jose or Joe Westbrook

Trial

The Havana Urgency court announced there would be a trial on April 5, 1957, for those charged in the March 13 attacks. Two individuals were under arrest to be tried: Orlando Olmedo Moreno, wounded during the attack, and Efrain Alfonso Liriano. All others connected with the attack either escaped or were killed.^[15]

Public Act of Redress

The public act of redress by the people of Havana for the assault of March 13 on the Presidential Palace took place on April 7 of 1957. It was reported that more than 250,000 people attended. Following is a report:

By R. Hart Phillips
Special to the New York Times.
HAVANA, April 7—Thousands of persons marched to the Presidential Palace this afternoon to signify their support of President Fulgencio Batista. Representatives of labor, commerce, industry, Government, political parties and supporters of the Administration filled the park in front of the palace and all adjacent streets. Placards and banners carried by the marchers proclaimed approval of General Batista’s policies, his public works program and his efforts to suppress the revolutionary activities of his enemies.One large banner said, “For Batista, in the Past, Now and Forever.”Another read “Five Hundred American Residents of the Isle of Pines Have Faith in Batista.”The keynote of the demonstration was “Peace.”Flocks of white doves were released during the demonstration to signify a demand for peace. Precautionary measures were taken by the Government to protect the demonstrators. Policemen armed with rifles surrounded the palace. On all near-by roofs policemen and soldiers armed with rifles and machine guns were on duty.^[16]

Golpeando Arriba

On January 22, 1959, Fidel Castro explained to journalists gathered in the Copa Room of the Havana Riviera hotel, among other topics, that hitting up, "golpear arriba," was one of the "false concepts about the revolution" because "tyranny is not a man; tyranny is a system (...) We were never supporters of tyrannicide or military coups, [which tended] to inculcate the people a complex of impotence "^[3] A few months earlier Castro had reprimanded Guevara for having signed a pact with Rolando Cubela, Chomon's lieutenant in the DR-13-3 guerrilla in Escambray mountains, the "Pacto del Pedrero". The letter is dated in Palma Soriano on December 26, 1958, in its crucial passage reads:

"You are committing a serious political error by sharing your authority, your prestige and your strength with the Revolutionary Directorate. There is no sense in raising a small group whose intentions and ambitions we know so well, and which in the future will be a source of problems "^[3]