Battle of Bagavan

Battle of Bagavan
A 16th-century Armenian miniature depicting the battle
Date 371 Location Bagrevand Result Roman-Armenian victory
Belligerents
Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia
Commanders and leaders
Shapur II Urnayr (WIA)	Traianus Vadomarius Mushegh I Mamikonian

The Battle of Bagavan (also spelled Bagawan) or the Battle of Vagabanta, was fought in 371, on the plain of Bagrevand, with the Roman-Armenian armies defeating the Sasanid forces.

Background

In 369 CE, Shapur II, Shah of the Sassanid Empire, persuaded the Armenian King, Papas (Pap) to change his allegiance. Under Shapur's influence Papas murdered Cylaces and Artabanes and sent their heads to Shapur as a sign of loyalty. The Roman Emperor, Valens, sent one of his generals, Arintheus, with an army into Armenia and Pap immediately reverted to his loyalty to Rome.

In the winter 370, Shapur decided to settle the Armenian matter by force; he declared the Treaty of 363 (a thirty year peace agreement between the Persians and the Romans) to be void and began amassing an army to invade Armenia during the next spring.

Learning of the impending attack, Papas mustered an army at Barevand. The Romans, under the command of Valens' generals Traianus and Vadomarius, had armies at Erhand and Baxish. They also marched for Bagrevand and build a fortified camp while they waited for the Armenians to assemble. Eventually, the Armenians fielded an army of 90,000 men. It was decided that the Sparapet (general) Mushegh I Mamikonian would command the Armenian forces while the Romans remained under their own command.

Battle

The combined Armenian-Roman army met the Sasanid force near a village called Dzirav (near Bagrevand) and were victorious. The Armenians broke the Sasanid battle lines and caused a route. Faustus of Byzantium gives considerable credit for the victory to sparapet Mushegh I Mamikonian. Movses Khorenatsi of Armenia and Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus noted that Valens' generals did not actively participate in the battle, but rather were engaged in protecting the king. During the ensuing battles more Armenian territories were reclaimed from the Sasanids, including Arzanene and Corduene which were ceded to Shapur II by Jovian in 363.

Aftermath

Although he lost the battle, Shapur was determined not to give in. He launched several minor invasions and raiding parties into Armenian territory, before another major assault led to a second battle at Gandzak. At the Battle of Gandzak the Roman-Armenian army defeated the Sasanids for the second time that year. After the battle Shapur sent envoys and a truce was agreed upon. The truce would last for seven years.

Bibliography

Ancient works

• Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae.
• Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians.

Modern works

• Chaumont, M. L. (1985). "Albania". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 806–810. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l’Arménie des origines à 1071. Paris. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Hughes, Ian (2013). Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1848844179. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman state in the fourth century A.D. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23332-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Garsoian, Nina (2000). "Mamikonean family". Encyclopaedia Iranica. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Syvanne, Ilkka (2015). Military History of Late Rome 284–361. Pen & Sword. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)