Polynomial texture mapping
Polynomial texture mapping, also known as Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), is a technique of imaging and interactively displaying objects under varying lighting conditions to reveal surface phenomena. The data acquisition method is Single Camera Multi Light (SCML).[1]
Origins
The method was originally developed by Tom Malzbender of HP Labs in order to generate enhanced 3D computer graphics and it has since been adopted for cultural heritage applications.[2]
Methodology
A series of images is captured in a darkened environment with the camera in a fixed position and the object lit from different angles (Single Camera Multi Light). These images are then processed and combined to enable a virtual light source to be controlled by the user inspecting the object.[2] The virtual light source may be manipulated to simulate light from different angles and of different intensity or wavelengths to illuminate the surface of artefacts and reveal details.[2][3] Open source tools for processing the captured images and publishing the resulting relightable images on the web are freely available.[4]
Applications
Polynomial texture mapping may be used for detailed recording and documentation, 3D modelling, edge detection, and to aid the study of inscriptions and other artefacts.[3][5] It has been applied to hundreds of the Vindolanda tablets by the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents at the University of Oxford in conjunction with the British Museum.[6] It has also been deployed, by Ben Altshuler of the Institute for Digital Archaeology, to scan the Philae obelisk at Kingston Lacy, and the Parian Chronicle at the Ashmolean Museum; in both cases scans revealed significant, previously illegible text.[7][8][9]
A 'dome' supporting twenty-four lights has been used to image paintings in the National Gallery and produce polynomial texture maps, providing information on condition phenomena for conservation purposes.[10] Studies of the technique at the National Gallery and Tate concluded that it is an effective tool for documenting changes in the condition of paintings, more easily repeatable than raking light photography, and therefore could be used to assess paintings during structural treatment and before and after loan.[11] Twelve dome-based systems built by the University of Southampton have been used to capture thousands of cuneiform tablets at various museums. [12] [13] [14]
The technique is now also finding uses in the field of forensic science, for example in imaging footprints, tyre marks and indented writing.
See also
References
- ^ "Pixel+: Integrating and Standardizing of Various Interactive Single-Camera, Multi-Light Imagery". 2020.
- ^ a b c "Archaeology and polynomial texture mapping". The Economist. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Polynomial texture mapping". University of Southampton. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) Tools". Visual Computing Lab - ISTI - CNR.
- ^ "Polynomial texture mapping". University of Southampton. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ Earl, Graeme (et al.) (2010). "Archaeological applications of polynomial texture mapping: analysis, conservation and representation". Journal of Archaeological Science. 37 (8): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.009. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "The Parian Marble at The Ashmolean Museum". Institute for Digital Archaeology. IDA. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
- ^ Altshuler, Ben F S; Mannack, Thomas (2014). "Shedding New Light on Ancient Objects". Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics. 22 (1): 53–74. doi:10.2307/arion.22.1.0053. JSTOR arion.22.1.0053.
- ^ "The Digital Marmor Parium Project at the University of Leipzig".
- ^ MacDonald, Lindsay (ed.) (2006). "Digital Imaging for Easel Paintings". Digital Heritage:Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 525 ff. ISBN 978-0-7506-6183-6.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Payne, Emma Marie (2012). "Imaging Techniques in Conservation" (PDF). Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies. 10 (2): 17–29. doi:10.5334/jcms.1021201.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Reflectance transformation imaging systems for ancient documentary artefacts, British Computer Society, 2011
- ^ Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) System for Ancient Documentary Artefacts, 2010
- ^ "Custom Imaging".
External links
- Polynomial texture mapping (Hewlett Packard)
- Project applying polynomial texture mapping to an ancient sculpture (University of Southampton - Archaeological Computing Research Group)
- Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) (RTI overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging web site)
- Sixteen interactive renderings of Polynomial Texture Mapping (or RTI) of 8th-century illuminated manuscript, revealing difficult to see dry-point writing (University of Oklahoma)
- Heritage Visualisation website with Pixel+ viewer and an integration solution for Single Camera Multi Light datasets