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Covered bridge

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Covered Bridge
The Cogan House Covered Bridge, Pennsylvania
The Cogan House Covered Bridge, Pennsylvania
AncestorTruss bridge, others
DescendantNone
CarriesPedestrians, livestock, vehicles
Span rangeShort
MaterialTypically wood beams with iron fittings and iron rods in tension
MovableNo
Design effortLow
Falsework requiredDetermined by enclosed bridge structure, site conditions, and degree of prefabrication

A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof, decking, and siding, which in most covered bridges create an almost complete enclosure.[1] The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather. Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun, but a covered bridge could last over 100 years.[2]

Design

Typically, covered bridges are structures with longitudinal timber-trusses which form the bridge's backbone. Some were built as railway bridges, using very heavy timbers and doubled up lattice work.[3]

Most bridges were built to cross streams, and the majority had just a single span. Virtually all contained a single lane. A few two-lane bridges were built, having a third, central truss.[3]

Many different truss designs were used. One of the most popular designs was the Burr Truss, patented in 1817, which used an arch to bear the load, while the trusses kept the bridge rigid. Other designs included the King, Queen, Lattice, and Howe trusses.

Early trusses were designed without an understanding of the engineering dynamics at work.[4] In 1847, American engineer Squire Whipple published the first correct analysis of the way a load is carried through the truss,[5] which enabled him to design stronger bridges with fewer materials.

The longest covered bridge ever built was constructed in Pennsylvania between Lancaster County (Columbia) and York County (Wrightsville). This bridge was over a mile in length and was completed in 1814.[6]

Bridges

The covered bridge in West Montrose, Ontario, October 2018
Main article: List of covered bridges

About 1,600 covered bridges remain in the world.[7] The relatively small number of surviving bridges is due to deliberate replacement, neglect, and the high cost of restoration.[8] They tend to be in isolated places, making them subject to vandalism and arson.[9]

Europe

The oldest surviving truss bridge in the world is the Kapellbrücke in Switzerland. Modern-style timber truss bridges were pioneered in Switzerland in the mid-1700s.[4]

United States

Schuylkill Permanent Bridge in Philadelphia, the first covered bridge in America

About 14,000 covered bridges have been built in the United States,[10] mostly in the years 1825 to 1875.[2] Today, surviving bridges are numbered at fewer than 1,000 by the United States Department of Transportation,[11] and at 814 by The National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges as of 2009.[12]

The first known covered bridge constructed in the United States was the Permanent Bridge, completed in 1805 to span the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia.[13][14] However, most other early examples of covered bridges don't appear until the 1820s. Extant bridges from that decade include New York's Hyde Hall Bridge and Pennsylvania's Hassenplug Bridge, both built in 1825, and the Haverhill–Bath Covered Bridge and the Roberts Covered Bridge, in New Hampshire and Ohio respectively, both built in 1829.[3] The longest, historical covered bridges remaining in the United States are the Cornish–Windsor Bridge, spanning the Connecticut River between New Hampshire and Vermont, and Medora Bridge, spanning the East Fork of the White River in Indiana. Both lay some claim to the superlative depending upon how the length is measured.[15]

In the mid-1800s, the development of cheaper wrought iron and cast iron led to metal rather than timber trusses.[3] Metal structures did not need protection from the elements, so no longer needed to be covered. The bridges also became obsolete because most were single-lane, had low width and height clearances, and could not support the heavy loads of modern traffic.[3]

A covered bridge and gristmill. There are also men moving logs on a river.
Alexander McMartin’s Grist Mill, built in 1847, located in Martintown, Ontario, and a covered bridge. The image was taken [between 1895 and 1910] and is from the Bartle Brothers fonds at the Archives of Ontario.

Canada

Between 1969 and 2015, the number of surviving covered bridges in Canada declined from about 400 to under 200.[16]

In 1900, Quebec had an estimated 1,000 covered bridges.[17] Relative to the rest of North America, Quebec was late in building covered bridges, with the busiest decade for construction being the 1930s.[18] Initially, the designs were varied, but around 1905, the design was standardised to the Town québécois, a variant on the lattice truss patented by Ithiel Town in 1820. About 500 of these were built in the first half of the 1900s.[18] The last bridge was built by the Ministry of Colonisation in 1958 in Lebel-sur-Quévillon.[18] There are now 82 covered bridges in Quebec, Transports Québec including the Félix-Gabriel-Marchand Bridge, the province's longest covered bridge.[19]

In 1900, New Brunswick had about 400 covered bridges. Today, there are 58 covered bridges in New Brunswick, including the world's longest, the Hartland Bridge.[20]

In fiction

In addition to being practical, covered bridges were popular venues for a variety of social activities[2] and are an enduring cultural icon;[21] for example:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Covered bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "Ohio's Vanishing Covered Bridges". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Covered Bridge Manual". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Bridge - Timber truss bridges". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  5. ^ Allen, Richard Sanders (2004). Covered Bridges of the Northeast. Courier Corporation. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-486-43662-3.
  6. ^ https://uncoveringpa.com/covered-bridges-in-pennsylvania
  7. ^ "World Guide to Covered Bridges". National Center for Wood Transportation Structures. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  8. ^ Ross, Robert J.; et al. (August 2012). "Use of Laser Scanning Technology to Obtain As-Built Records of Historic Covered Bridges" (Document). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Research Paper FPL-RP-669. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Phares, Brent; et al. (May 2013). "Covered Bridge Security Manual" (Document). U.S. Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-223. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Covered Bridge Manual (PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-04-098) (PDF). McLean, VA: U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. April 2005. p. 3. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  11. ^ Anthony, Ronald W. (January 2018). "Guidelines to Restoring Structural Integrity of Covered Bridge Members" (Document). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Genertal Technical Report FPL-GTR-252. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  12. ^ World Guide to Covered Bridges. The National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges, Inc. 2009. p. lxii.
  13. ^ Griggs, Frank Jr. (October 2013). "The Permanent Bridge". Structure Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  14. ^ Christianson, Justine, et al. Covered Bridges and the Birth of American Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, Historic American Engineering Record, 2015.
  15. ^ "Covered Bridge Trivia". www.coveredbridgesociety.org. National Society for the Preservation of Covered Bridges. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  16. ^ Walker, Nick (28 May 2015). "Throwback Thursday: Covered bridges". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  17. ^ "Ponts couverts" (in Canadian French). Transports Quebec. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.
  18. ^ a b c Lefrançois, Jean (2004). "Les ponts couverts au Québec, héritage précieux" (Document) (in Canadian French). Ministère des Transports du Québec. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |access-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  19. ^ "Programmation routière 2018-2020 - Plus de 157 M$ pour améliorer la sécurité et la qualité de vie des usagers de la route en Outaouais" (in Canadian French). Transports Québec. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Covered Bridges". Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  21. ^ "Covered Bridges". The Warren E. Roberts Museum of Early Indiana Life. Indiana University Bloomington. 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Covered bridges.
  • Covered Bridge Map, an interactive map showing locations of covered bridges in the United States and Canada. However, the data is only current as of the archive date.
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