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Teletype Model 33

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A Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter, with punched tape reader and punch, usable as a computer terminal

The Teletype Model 33 is an electromechanical teleprinter designed for light-duty office use. It is less rugged and cost less than earlier Teletype machines. The Teletype Corporation introduced the Model 33 as a commercial product in 1963[1] after being originally designed for the United States Navy.[2] There are three versions of the Model 33:

  • Model 33 ASR, (Automatic Send and Receive), which has a built-in eight-hole punched tape reader and tape punch;
  • Model 33 KSR (Keyboard Send and Receive), which lacks the paper tape reader and punch;
  • Model 33 RO (Receive Only) which has neither a keyboard nor a reader/punch.

The Model 33 was one of the first products to employ the newly standardized ASCII code. A companion Model 32 used the more established five-bit Baudot code. Because of its low price and ASCII-compatibility, the Model 33 was widely used with early minicomputers.

History

Teletype Corporation's Model 33 terminal, introduced in 1963, was one of the most popular terminals in the data-communications industry. Over a half-million Model 32s and 33s were made by 1975, and the 500,000th was plated with gold and placed on special exhibit.[3] Another 100,000 were made in the next 18 months, and Serial Number 600,000, manufactured in 1976, the United States Bicentennial year, was painted red-white-and-blue and shown around the United States during the last part of that year and the year after.[4]

A Model 33 ASR in use in 1978

A Model 33 cost about $700,[citation needed] much less than other teleprinters and computer terminals at the time, such as the Friden Flexowriter and the IBM 1050. Early video terminals, such as the Tektronix 4010, did not become available until 1970 and cost around $10,000. However, the introduction of integrated circuits and semiconductor memory later that decade allowed the price of cathode-ray-tube-based terminals to fall below the price of a Teletype teleprinter. Teletype machines were gradually replaced in new installations by dot-matrix printers and CRT-based terminals in the middle to late 1970s. Basic CRT-based terminals, which could only print lines and scroll them, are often called glass teletypes to distinguish them from more sophisticated devices.

Teletype Corporation discontinued Model 33 production in 1981.[5]

Naming conventions: Model 33 ASR versus ASR-33

While the manufacturer called the Model 33 teleprinter with a tape punch and tape reader a Model 33 ASR, many users, specifically computer users, called this equipment an ASR-33. The earliest known source for this Teletype Corporation equipment naming discrepancy comes from Digital Equipment Corporation documentation[6] where the September 1963 PDP-4 Brochure calls the Teletype Model 28 KSR a "KSR-28" in the paragraph titled "Printer-Keyboard and Control Type 65". This naming discrepancy continued from the Teletype Model 28 to other Teletype equipment in later DEC documentation. For example, Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-15 price list from April 1970 lists a number of Teletype Corporation teletypewriters using this alternate naming convention.[7]

This alternate naming convention was continued as other computer manufacturers published their documentation. For example, Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems sold the Teletype Model 33 ASR as "Teletype ASR-33".

Technical information

A Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter keyboard with punched tape reader and punch. The left-front unit is the tape reader with its three-position START/STOP/FREE lever in the STOP position. A less-common tape reader had a four-position START/AUTO/STOP/FREE lever. In the AUTO position it could be commanded on and off remotely. The tape punch is the unit directly behind the reader. As it exits the machine, the tape passes under a triangular lip that allows the tape to be easily torn by lifting against the sharp edge of the lip.

The design objective for the Model 33 was a machine that would fit into a small office space, match with other office equipment of the time and operate up to two hours per day on average. Since this machine was designed for light duty use, adjustments that Teletype made in previous teleprinters by turning screws were made by bending metal bars and levers. Many Model 33 parts were not heat treated and hardened. The base was die-cast metal, but self-tapping screws were used, along with parts that snapped together without bolting. As another cost-saving measure, the paper tape equipment was dependent on the keyboard and page printer mechanisms. Earlier Teletype machine designs, such as the Model 28 ASR, allowed the user to operate the keyboard to punch tape while transmitting a previously punched tape and to punch a tape while printing something else. Independent use of the paper tape punch and reader is not possible with the Model 33 ASR.[8]

The Model 33 used the seven-bit upper-case only ASCII code, also known as CCITT International Telegraphic Alphabet No. 5, with one (even) parity bit and two stop bits, with symbol rate of 110 baud.[9] It was usually geared to run at maximum speed ten characters per second speed, i.e., 100 words per minute (wpm), but other speeds were available: 60 wpm, 66 wpm, 68.2 wpm, and 75 wpm.[10] There were also many typewheel options. The Teletype Parts Bulletin[11] lists 69 available Model 33 type element options. The type element was cylindrical, with characters arranged in four tiers, 16 characters per tier, thus capable of printing 64 characters. The character to be printed was selected by rotating the type element clockwise or anticlockwise and raising or lowering it, then striking the element with a padded hammer, which would accelerate the element against the ribbon and paper.[12]

The Model 33 printed on 8.5-inch (220 mm) wide paper, supplied on continuous 5-inch (130 mm) diameter rolls and fed via friction (instead of, e.g., tractor feed). It printed at a fixed 10 characters per inch, and supported 74-character lines,[13] although 72 characters is often commonly stated.

The Teletype Model 33 contained an answer-back mechanism that was generally used in dial-up networks such as the TWX network. At the beginning of the message, the sending machine could transmit an enquiry character or WRU (Who aRe yoU) code, and the recipient machine would automatically initiate a response, which was encoded in a rotating drum that could be programmed by breaking off tabs.[14] The answer-back drum in the recipient machine would rotate and send an unambiguous identifying code to the sender, so the sender could verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code could also be sent at the end of the message. A correct response would confirm that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. Finally, the sending machine operator would press the disconnect button. Note that the receiving machine did not need operator intervention. Since messages were often sent across multiple time zones to their destination, it was common to send a message to a location where the receiving machine was operating in an office that was closed and unstaffed overnight.

The Teletype Model 33, including the stand, is 34 inches (860 mm) high, 22 inches (560 mm) wide and 18.5 inches (470 mm) deep, not including the paper holder. The machine weighs 75 pounds (34 kg) on the stand, including paper. It requires less than four amperes at 115 VAC 60 Hz. The recommended operating environment is a temperature of 40 to 110 °F (4 to 43 °C), a relative humidity of 2 to 95 percent and an altitude of 0 to 10,000 feet (0 to 3,048 m). The printing paper is an 8.44-by-4.5-inch (214 by 114 mm) diameter roll and the paper tape is a 1,000-foot (300 m) roll of 1-inch (25 mm) wide tape. Nylon fabric ribbons are 0.5-inch (13 mm) wide by 60-yard (55 m) long with plastic spools and eyelets to trigger change of the ribbon feed direction.

  • Model 33 ASR with cover removed
    Model 33 ASR with cover removed
  • Rear of unit, with bell and answer back drum to left of motor
    Rear of unit, with bell and answer back drum to left of motor
  • Fully disassembled
    Fully disassembled

Communications interface

The communications module in the Model 33 was known as a Call Control Unit (CCU), and occupied the space to the right of the keyboard and printer. Various CCU types were available. Most operated on the telephone network and included the relevant user controls; variants included rotary, DTMF ("Touch-Tone"), and card dialing. An acoustic coupler for a then-standard telephone handset was also available. Another CCU type was called "Computer Control Private Line", which operated on a local 20 mA current loop, the standard serial protocol for computer terminals before the rise of RS-232. "Private Line" CCUs had a blank panel with no user controls or displays.

A Model 32 used for Telex service. Note the three-row keyboard and narrower, five-hole paper tape.
A Model 35 ASR, at the Living Computer Museum in Seattle

The Model 32 line used the same mechanism and looked identical, except for having a three-row keyboard and, on the ASR model, a five-hole paper tape reader and punch, both appropriate for Baudot code.

Teletype also introduced a more expensive ASCII Model 35 for heavy duty use, whose printer mechanism was based on the older, rugged Model 28. The basic Model 35 was mounted in a light gray console that matched the width of the Model 33, while the Model 35 ASR with eight-hole mechanical tape punch and reader was installed in a console about twice as wide. The tape reader was mounted separately from the printer-punch mechanism on the left side of the console and behind it was a tray for storing a manual, sheets of paper, or other miscellanea. To the right of the keyboard was a panel that could optionally house a rotary dial or Touch-Tone pushbuttons for dialing a connection to a network via telephone lines. The printer cover in later units also featured sound deadening materials, making the Model 35 somewhat quieter than the Model 33 while printing and punching paper tapes. All versions of the Model 35 had a copy holder on the printer cover, making it more convenient for the operator when transcribing written material.

Teletype model 35 is mentioned as being used in "Experiment One", in the first RFC, RFC1. The model 35 was used as terminals for the minicomputers and IMPs to send and receive text messages over the very early ARPANET, that later evolved into the Internet.

The Model 38 (ASR-38) was constructed similar to and had all the typing capabilities of a Model 33 ASR with additional features. A two-color ribbon and ASCII control codes allowed automatic switching between red and black output while printing. An extended keyboard and typewheel supported upper- and lower-case printing with some additional special characters. A wider pin-feed platen and typing mechanism allowed printing 132 columns fan-fold paper making its output similar to the 132-column page size of the then industry standard IBM 1403 model printers.

More expensive Teletype systems used photo readers that used light sensors to detect the presence or absence of punched holes in the tape. These could work at much higher speeds (hundreds of characters per second). More sophisticated punches were also available that could run at somewhat higher speeds; Teletype's DRPE punch could operate at speeds up to 240 characters per second.

Historical impact

  • ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's Teletypewriter eXchange TWX network using Teletype Model 33 teleprinters.
  • The Teletype Model 33 series was influential in the development and interpretation of ASCII code characters. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON) and 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF) became de facto standards.[15]
  • The programming language BASIC was designed to be written and edited on a low-speed Teletype Model 33. The slow speed of the Teletype Model 33 influenced the user interface of minicomputer operating systems, including UNIX.
  • A Teletype Model 33 provided Bill Gates' first computing experience.[16]
  • In 1965, Stanford University psychology professors Patrick Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson, in the pilot program for computer assisted instruction, experimented with using computers to provide arithmetic and spelling drills via Teletypes and acoustic modems to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California and elsewhere.[17][18]
  • In 1971, Ray Tomlinson chose the @ symbol on his Teletype Model 33 ASR keyboard for use in network email.[19]
  • The serial ports in Unix and Linux are named "/dev/tty...", which is short for "Teletype".

See also

References

  1. ^ "Auerbach Guide to Alphanumeric Display Terminals", Auerbach Publishers, 1975
  2. ^ "A Synopsis of Teletype Corporation History" (PDF).
  3. ^ Telephone Engineer & Management, Volume 79, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publications, 1975
  4. ^ "History of Telegraphy from the Teletype Museum" (PDF). Retrieved March 18, 2012.
  5. ^ "Bytelines". Byte. 5 (12): 214. December 1980.
  6. ^ "F-41D PDP-4 Brochure September 1963" (PDF). p. 5.
  7. ^ "Digital Equipment Corporation pdp15 Price List" (PDF). p. 2.
  8. ^ Jim Haynes. "Some Notes on Teletype Corporation" (PDF).
  9. ^ "ASR 33 Teletype Information". Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  10. ^ Teletype Parts Bulletin 1184B page 35 figure 38
  11. ^ Teletype Parts Bulletin 1184B pages 27–29, figures 29–31
  12. ^ Teletype ASR 33 Part 6: Print Head Mechanism on YouTube, October 28, 2019
  13. ^ Teletype Technical Manual Bulletin 273B page 1-15, 1963, Change 2
  14. ^ "Teletype Rear View of Main Assembly".
  15. ^ Tomasi, Wayne. "Electronic Communications Systems: fundamentals through advanced", Prentice Hall, 2001, p. 531.
  16. ^ (Manes 1994, p. 27)
  17. ^ Patrick Suppes; Max Jerman; Guy Groen (April 1966). "Arithmetic drills and review on a computer-based teletype" (PDF). The Arithmetic Teacher. 13 (4): 303–309. doi:10.5951/AT.13.4.0303.
  18. ^ Patrick Suppes (May 19, 1971). "Computer-Assisted Instruction at Stanford" (PDF).
  19. ^ The @-symbol, part 1 of 2, Shady Characters, July 2011
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