Lavendulan

Lavendulan
General
Category	Arsenate Minerals
Formula (repeating unit)	NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl.5H2O Usually with some K, Co and Ni
Strunz classification	8.DG.05
Dana classification	42.9.4.2
Crystal system	Monoclinic
Crystal class	Prismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol)
Space group	P21/n
Identification
Formula mass	1,062.00 g/mol
Color	Blue or greenish blue
Crystal habit	Thin botryoidal crusts of minute radiating fibers or thin rectangular, pseudo-orthorhombic plates
Twinning	Common
Cleavage	Good on {010}, distinct on {100} and {001}
Fracture	Uneven
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	2+1⁄2 2+1⁄2 to 3
Luster	Vitreous to waxy, satiny in aggregates
Streak	Light blue
Diaphaneity	Translucent
Specific gravity	3.54 3.84
Optical properties	Biaxial (-), nearly uniaxial (–)
Refractive index	Nx = 1.645 Ny = 1.715 Nz = 1.725 Nx = 1.660 Ny = 1.715 Nz = 1.734 Nx = 1.66 Ny = 1.715 Nz = 1.734 omega = 1.748 epsilon = 1.645
Pleochroism	O = pale blue to pale greenish blue, E = blue to greenish blue
Solubility	Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid
Other characteristics	Not radioactive
References

Lavendulan is an uncommon copper arsenate mineral, known for its characteristic intense electric blue colour. It belongs to the lavendulan group, which has four members:

• Lavendulan NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)4Cl.5H₂O
• Lemanskiite NaCaCu₅(AsO₄)4Cl.5H₂O
• Sampleite NaCaCu₅(PO₄)4Cl.5H₂O
• Zdenekite NaPbCu₅(AsO₄)4Cl.5H₂O

Lemanskiite and lavendulan are dimorphs; they have the same formula but different structures. Lemanskiite is tetragonal, but lavendulan is monoclinic. Lavendulan has the same structure as sampleite, and the two minerals form a series. It is the calcium analogue of zdenĕkite and the arsenate analogue of sampleite.

Lavendulan was originally named for the lavender color of the "type" specimen, which has since been determined to be a mixture with no relationship to modern lavendulan. The mineral which is now called lavendulan is not a lavender blue color, and has no relationship to the “type” material from Annaberg. It often contains potassium, cobalt and nickel as impurities.

Unit cell

Although lavendulan is monoclinic, the angle β is very close to 90°, making the mineral pseudo-orthorhombic. Most references describe the lavendulan unit cell as an orthorhombic cell containing 8 formula units (Z=8) but Mindat.org describes a monoclinic unit cell with the length of the c axis halved, and only 4 formula units per unit cell (Z=4) and space group P2₁/n. Unit cell parameters are reported as

• a=9.73 Å, b=41.0 Å, c=9.85 Å, Z=8
• a = 9.815 Å, b = 40.394 Å, c = 9.99 Å, Z = 8
• a = 9.73 Å, b = 41.0 Å, c = 9.85 Å, Z = 8
• a = 10.011 Å, b = 19.478 Å, c = 10.056 Å, β = 90.37° Z=4

Physical properties

Lavendulan is a blue or greenish blue translucent mineral, with a vitreous to waxy luster, satiny in aggregates, and a light blue streak. It occurs as thin botryoidal crusts of minute radiating fibers or as thin rectangular, pseudo-orthorhombic plates, with cleavage in three directions, nearly perfect perpendicular to the b crystal axis, and distinct perpendicular to the a and c axes. Twinning is common. The mineral is brittle, with an uneven fracture. It is quite soft, with hardness 2.5, between gypsum and calcite, and relatively dense; its specific gravity is 3.84, close to that of topaz, and much denser than quartz (specific gravity 2.5 to 2.7). It is easily soluble in hydrochloric acid.

Optical properties

The refractive index varies with the direction of propagation of the light, and varies between 1.64 and 1.75. This is quite high, between topaz and ruby. Lavendulan is biaxial (-), and most sources quote values for three refractive indices, for light travelling parallel to the three crystal axes. One source, however, gives lavendulan as nearly uniaxial (-), and quotes only two refractive indices, for the ordinary and extraordinary rays.

• N_x = 1.645 N_y = 1.715 N_z = 1.725
• N_x = 1.660 N_y = 1.715 N_z = 1.734
• N_x = 1.66 N_y = 1.715 N_z = 1.734
• N_ω = 1.748 N_ε = 1.645.

Lavendulan is pleochroic, with O = pale blue to pale greenish blue and E = blue to greenish blue.

Environment

Lavendulan is a rare secondary mineral in the oxidised zone of some copper-arsenic deposits.

Type locality

A lavender blue mineral was discovered in 1837 by Johann F A Breithaupt in Annaberg in the Erzgebirge, which is a mountainous region spanning the Czech Republic and Germany. The mineral was named “lavendulan” after the color, and Annaberg was the designated type locality. In 1853 Vogel found a specimen of lavendulan from Joachimstal, also in the Erzgebirge, which was similar in appearance and characteristics to the material from Annaberg. In 1877 Goldsmith examined some specimens of a turquoise blue arsenate of copper from the cobalt deposits of San Juan, Chile, and announced that they were also lavendulan.

Nearly fifty years later, In 1924, William Foshag announced that the Chilean material was entirely distinct from that from Joachimstal, and he determined that it was a new mineral, and gave it the name freirinite, from the locality, the Blanca Mine, Freirina, Huasca Province, Atacama Region, Chile.

In 1957, however, Claude Guillemin found that lavendulan and freirinite from the type localities gave identical x-ray powder patterns, and freirinite was discredited as a mineral species. Yet another fifty years passed, and in 2007 Geister et al. re-examined Breithaupt's type specimen and found that it was a mixture unrelated to modern lavendulan. The second locality where lavendulan was found is in the Czech Republic, so the type locality of the species was changed to there, namely St Joachimsthal, St Joachimsthal District, Erzgebirge, Karlovy Vary Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic. The type material is held at the Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany, reference 20944.

Occurrences

At the type locality, lavendulan occurs associated with erythrite and a cobalt molybdate originally called pateraite, but now discredited. At San Juan, Chile, it is associated with erythrite, cuprite, malachite and cobaltian wad. At the Cap Garonne Mine, Pradet, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, associated minerals are chalcophyllite, cyanotrichite, parnauite, mansfieldite, olivenite, tennantite, covellite, chalcanthite, antlerite, brochantite and geminite. It also occurs at Tsumeb, Namibia, associated with cuprian adamite, conichalcite, o’danielite, tsumcorite, fahleite, quartz, calcite and gypsum.

External links

• Jmol: http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/viewJmol.php?id=07151
• Lavendulan photo gallery at Mindat.org