Newspaper hawker

A newspaper hawker, newsboy or newsie is a street vendor of newspapers without a fixed newsstand. Related jobs included paperboy, delivering newspapers to subscribers, and news butcher, selling papers on trains. Adults who sold newspapers from fixed newsstands were called newsdealers, and are not covered here. The hawkers sold only one newspaper, which usually appeared in several editions a day. A busy corner would have several hawkers, each representing one major newspapers. They might carry a poster board with giant headlines, provided by the newspaper. The downtown newsboy started fading out after 1920, when publishers began to emphasize home delivery. Teenage newsboys delivered papers on a daily basis for subscribers who paid them monthly. Hawkers typically purchased a bundle of 100 copies from a wholesaler, who in turn purchased them from the publisher. Legally every state considered the newsboys to be independent contractors, and not employees, so they generally were not subject to child labor laws.

In the United States they became an iconic image of youthful entrepreneurship. Famous American newsboys included Bruce Barton, Ralph Bunche, Joe DiMaggio, Thomas Edison, Dwight Eisenhower, Sam Rayburn, Walter Reuther, David Sarnoff, Cardinal Spellman, Harry Truman and Mark Twain.^[1]

The *Chicago Daily News* in 1901 relied on newsboys hawking the headlines.

United States

To the unemployed—A number of steady men can find employment by vending this paper. A liberal discount is allowed to those who buy and sell again.
— Benjamin Day, 1833^[2]

Benjamin Franklin is sometimes called the "first American newsboy", as he helped deliver his brother's New England Courant in 1721. But the real beginning of the trade of newsboy comes in 1833, when the New York Sun started hiring vendors in New York City. At the time, newspapers were generally either picked up at the newspaper's office, sent by mail, or delivered by printers' apprentices or other employees.^[2] The Sun, by contrast, was not sold in stores or by subscription.^[4] Its publisher, Benjamin Day, recruited unemployed people using help-wanted notices to vend his newspaper. Instead of the adults he expected, his ad drew children: the first was the 10-year-old Irish immigrant Bernard Flaherty, who turned out to be a talented hawker—later a stage comedian—who would cry out the day's most sensational headlines: "Double Distilled Villainy"; "Cursed Effects of Drunkenness!"; "Awful Occurrence!"; "Infamous Affair!".^[5] These newsboys could either hawk to passersby on the street or establish subscription routes; many did both.^[2]

Newsboys' were not employees of the newspapers but rather purchased the papers from wholesalers in packets of 100 and peddled them as independent agents. Unsold papers could not be returned. The newsboys typically earned around 30 cents a day and often worked until late at night.^[6] Cries of "Extra, extra!" were often heard into the morning hours as newsboys attempted to hawk every last paper.^[7]

Great Depression

The local delivery boy pulling a wagon or riding a bicycle while tossing the morning or evening paper onto the front porch was a product of the 1930s. Newspapers lost circulation and advertising as the economy went down, and needed to boost revenues and cut expenses. Starting in 1930, the International Circulation Managers' Association launched a national operation to show local newspaper managers how to boost home newspaper readership. They designed a prepackaged curriculum in door-to-door subscription marketing that taught newsboys new skills in scheduling time, handling money, keeping accounts, and -- especially--presenting a winning salesman persona. This movement created the middle-class newspaper boy and permanently altered the relationship between teenage years and entrepreneurial enterprise.^[8] Circulation managers solved their problem: The teenage boys. They were still independent contractors rather than employees, but the circulation manager designed the routes, and taught the boys how to collect and account for the subscription money. To inspire the young entrepreneurs, they created a distinctive gendered managerial philosophy of masculine guidance. It inspired the boys' entrepreneurship and stabilized their work habits, while providing extra money for tight family budgets.^[9]

Critics and reformers

Newsboys were often seen as victims of poverty and delinquents in the making. In 1875 a popular writer found them a nuisance:

There are 10,000 children living on the streets of New York....The newsboys constitute an important division of this army of homeless children. You see them everywhere.... They rend the air and deafen you with their shrill cries. They surround you on the sidewalk and almost force you to buy their papers. They are ragged and dirty. Some have no coats, no shoes, and no hat.^[10]

In St. Louis, Missouri in the first half of the 20th century reformers and child savers saw the newsboys as potential victims of the dangers and temptations of the urban environment. They secured a law in 1903 which created the state's first juvenile courts with the ability to hear criminal cases involving minors.^[11]

In Cincinnati in 1919, charity workers found that a tenth of the teenage boys were news hawkers, and they earned only 20 cents a day. They were twice as likely to be delinquents, they gambled a great deal amongst themselves, and were often attacked by thugs from other newspapers. The recommendation was to replace newsboys under the age of 16 with crippled war veterans.^[12]

News butcher

"News butchers" worked on passenger railroads selling newspapers, candy, and cigars to the passengers. Thomas Edison was a news butcher in his youth, but he lost that job after he set a car on fire due to white phosphorus igniting in a chemistry set he had onboard.^[14]^: 22 Walt Disney worked as news butcher on the Missouri Pacific Railway as a teenager, and his memories of that experience influenced his design of the Disneyland Railroad. ^[15]^{: 35–40, 222}

Ireland

Stephanie Rains examines the newsboy as a characteristic presence on Irish streets in the early twentieth-century and also necessary last link in the chain of media production and distribution. He was little touched by mechanization--the newspaper vending box came later. Publishers depended on boys as young as eleven years old to sell copies, especially in downtown areas. Newsboys were very visible and audible figures on Irish city streets, and were themselves the subject of frequent newspaper stories which typically represented them as exemplars of the urban working classes for middle-class readers.^[16]

Labor actions and strikes

Newsboys struck for better pay and working conditions multiple times: 1884,^[17] 1886,^[18] 1887,^[19] 1889,^[20] and in May 1898.^[21]

In the newsboys' strike of July 1899, many New York newsboys refused to deliver major newspapers, and asked the public to boycott them. The press run of Joseph Pulitzer's World fell by nearly two-thirds. After two hectic weeks, the papers capitulated. After a two-week strike, papers did not lower their prices, but did agree to buy back all unsold papers, and the union disbanded.^[22]^[23]

The New York newsboys' strike of 1899 inspired later strikes, including the Butte, Montana, Newsboys Strike of 1914,^[24] and a 1920s strike in Louisville, Kentucky.^[25] Chicago newsboys faced an uphill battle to gain better incomes, particularly during the 1912 media strike. Attempts to unionize were sporadic and undercut by intimidation and sometimes violent counter-responses by the publishers.^[26]

According to Jon Bekken:

Documented newsboy strikes took place in Boston (1901, 1908); Chicago (1912); Cleveland (1934); Des Moines (1922); Detroit (1877); Kansas City, Kansas (1947); Lexington, Kentucky (1899); Minneapolis (1918); Mobile (1942); New York City (1886, 1890, 1893, 1898, 1899, 1908, 1918, 1922, 1941, 1948); Oakland (1928); Portland, Oregon (1914); St. Louis (1945); San Jose, California (2000); and Seattle (1917).^[27]

During 1933 to 1935, the New Deal agency, the National Recovery Administration (NRA), promulgated a newspaper industry code that restricted juvenile employment in order to help unemployed adults. the restrictions expired when the Supreme Court in 1935 struck down the NRA as unconstitutional.^[28]

Images

American photographer Lewis Hine crusaded against child labor in America in the early 20th century by taking photographs that exposed frightful conditions, especially in factories and coal mines. He photographed youths who worked in the streets as well, but his photographs of them did not depict another appalling form of dangerous child labor or immigrant poverty, for they were not employees. There were working on their own as independent young entrepreneurs and Hine captures the image of comradeship, youthful masculinity and emerging entrepreneurship. The symbolic newsboy became an iconic image in discourses about childhood, ambition and independence.^[29]

Recent developments

In Wales, it was announced in July 2011 that Media Wales, publisher of the Western Mail and South Wales Echo, would no longer employ newspaper vendors in Cardiff city center. A spokesman said distribution of the newspaper by the vendors cost more than the newspaper received in return.^[30]

Notes

^ David E. Whisnant, "Selling the gospel news, or: The strange career of Jimmy Brown the newsboy." Journal of Social History 5.3 (1972): 269-309, at p. 271.
^ ^a ^b ^c Priscilla Ferguson Clement, Jacqueline S. Reiner, eds., Boyhood in America: An Encyclopedia, 2001, ISBN 1-57607-540-0, s.v. 'Newsboys', p. 471
^ Wendy Jean Katz, "Fancy Painting, Street Children, and the Fast Men of the Pavé" Nineteenth Century Studies (2007), Vol. 21, pp 85-126.
^ Burgan, p. 4
^ Matthew Goodman, The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York, 2010, ISBN 0786726962 p. 31
^ (nd) Child labor in America 1908-1912: Photographs of Lewis W. Hine. Retrieved 17 June 2007. - See "Newsies".
^ David Nasau, (1999) p. 9.
^ Todd A. Postol, "Creating the American Newspaper Boy: Middle-Class Route Service and Juvenile Salesmanship in the Great Depression." Journal of Social History (1997) 31#2: 327-345. online
^ Todd A. Postol, "Masculine Guidance: Boys, Men, and Newspapers, 1930–1939." Enterprise & Society 1.2 (2000): 355-390.
^ See Newsies.
^ Bonnie Stepenoff, “Child Savers and St. Louis Newsboys, 1896–1948,” Missouri Historical Review 104#3 (April 2010), 125–37
^ Maurice Beck Hexter, The Newsboys of Cincinnati (1919) online
^ Ronald D. Rarick, "Seeing poor children: Three artists' views." Journal of Children and Poverty 6.2 (2000): 85-98.
^ Amendola, Dana (2015). All Aboard: The Wonderful World of Disney Trains (1st ed.). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1714-8.
^ Broggie, Michael (2014). Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom (4th ed.). The Donning Company Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57864-914-3.
^ Stephanie Rains "City streets and the city edition: newsboys and newspapers in early twentieth-century Ireland." Irish Studies Review 24.2 (2016): 142-158.
^ "Newsboys strike", New York Times. October 14, 1884.
^ "Newsboys indulge in a strike", New York Times. March 30, 1886.
^ "Strike of newsboys"^{[permanent dead link]}, New York Times. January 29, 1887.
^ "Newsboys on strike: Many fights and two arrested by police", New York Times. August 13, 1889.
^ "Newsboys Strike for Better Terms", New York Herald. July 21, 1899
^ David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and at Play (1965) pp 167-77, online free to borrow
^ David Nasaw, "Dirty-Faced Davids & The Twin Goliaths" American Heritage 36.3 (1985): 42-47.
^ Peavy, L. and Smith, U. (1999) Frontier Children. University of Oklahoma Press. p.112.
^ Reinier, J.S., Ferguson, P. and West, E. (2001) Boyhood in America: An encyclopedia. ABC-Clio Inc.
^ Jon Bekken, "Crumbs from the Publishers' Golden Tables: the plight of the Chicago newsboy." Media History (2000) 6#1: 45-57.
^ Jon Bekken, "Newsboy Strikes." in Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History (2009): 609-619.
^ Todd Alexander Postol, "Hearing the Voices of Working Children" Labor's Heritage (1989) 1#3 pp 4-19.
^ Oenone Kubie, "Reading Lewis Hine's Photography of Child Street Labour, 1906–1918." Journal of American Studies 50.4 (2016): 873-897.
^ "Paul Linford, "Welsh Dailies Abandon City Centre Street Sales,"". Holdthefrontpage.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-26.