Aghawat

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Aghawat, plural, and singular Agha (Arabic: أغاوات plural and آغا singular) are groups of individuals who serve in the holy mosques in Mecca and Madinah.[1][2] They have to be eunuchs and have to have a minimum amount of Islamic knowledge.[3][2] They are not enslaved people; instead, they are free individuals who serve, by choice, the two holy mosques.[4] Historically, Aghawat came from different ethnic backgrounds: Kurds, Persians, Romans, and Africans. But, currently, the Aghwaat left in both Mecca and Madinah all come from Ethiopia.[5][6]

Etymology[edit]

It is unclear why the word "Agha" was used to refer to the servants since the word exists in many languages and has slightly different meanings in each of those languages:[7][8][9]

  • Kurdish: "Agha" is used to refer to seniors and leaders.
  • Turkish:
    • In Eastern Turkish, "Agha" means older brother.
    • In Western Turkish, "Agha" means master or leader.
  • Persian: "Agha" means the leader of the family.
  • Mongols: The Mongols used the word "Agha" to refer to the older brother.

History[edit]

The history of the Aghawat dates back to the time of Nur al-Din Zengi (commonly known as Nur ad-Din), one of the rulers of the Zengid dynasty, in the year 1161. He brought them as servants and protectors to Madinah after the Crusaders attempted to invade the Prophet Muhammad's tomb in Madinah.[10][11][12] Nur ad-Din sent the first Aghawat in history, who were 12 eunuch males,[13] and established the main conditions for their selection. These conditions included:[13]

  1. Being eunuchs.
  2. Memorization of the Quran.
  3. Knowing one-quarter of Islamic worship jurisprudence (Arabic: فقه العبادات, romanized: fiqh al-'ibadat) (i.e., Islamic rulings regarding the conditions and details of worshipping in Islam).
  4. Known to be righteous.

After Nur ad-Din's passing, Salah ad-Din Al-Ayubi (commonly known as Saladin) organized the Aghawat and established a system in which their salaries and duties were specified.[14]

There are different narratives regarding how Aghawat became eunuchs:

  1. Some parents castrate their own children because they want them to become servants of the holy mosques in Mecca or Medina.[14][9]
  2. Tribes in Africa and other places would fight among themselves, and the victorious tribe would castrate the children of the losing tribe.[14]
  3. Recently, castration in East Africa was a common practice by the Italian colonists and has resulted in the existence of many eunuchs in East Africa.[9]
  4. A person could be born a eunuch. Although rare, it is possible that some individuals were born eunuchs.

Duties of the Aghawat[edit]

The Aghawat in Medina hold the keys to the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad and the keys to the pulpit in the holy mosque.

They are assigned up to 40 tasks and duties, including:[15]

  • Welcoming the king and esteemed guests who visit the holy mosques from around the world.
    • In Medina, they greet the king and his guests at the door of Salam, located west of the holy mosque. Carrying large incense carriers, they escort them to The Noble Garden for prayers, then accompany them to the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad for greetings.
    • In Mecca, they receive the king and his guests at the door of King Abdulaziz, leading them to circle the Kaaba before offering them Zamzam water.
  • Changing the cover of the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad.
  • Cleaning the light bulbs, and historically, illuminating candles in the mosque at night.
  • Organizing the separation of men and women in prayer halls by designating specific areas for each gender.
  • Using incense around the mosque for a pleasant fragrance.
  • Applying perfumes around the mosque.

Numbers of the Aghawat[edit]

Throughout history, the number of Aghawat has not remained constant. During the time of Nur ad-Din, there were 12 Aghawat; during the era of Saladin, there were 24, and the count fluctuated over time.[16][17] It reached a peak of 120 Aghawat in the year 1763 in Medina under Ottoman rule. In 2014, there were 8 Aghawat in Medina.[18] In 2021, the number has decreased to 3 Aghawat in Medina and the same number in Mecca.[9]

Ending of the Aghawat system[edit]

In 1979, the last Agha was appointed. Around that time, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Baz, received information that the Aghawat were often castrated by their parents to have them serve in the holy mosques. Ibn Baz advised King Fahad bin Abdulaziz to halt the recruitment of more Aghawat, stating that castrating children is contrary to Islam.[19] King Fahad accepted the advice of Ibn Baz, and the Aghawat system was ended.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 20.
  2. ^ a b Maliki et al. 2019, pp. 19–20.
  3. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 30.
  4. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 41.
  5. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 53.
  6. ^ Maliki et al. 2019, pp. 13–17.
  7. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 15.
  8. ^ Maliki et al. 2019, pp. 17–19.
  9. ^ a b c d Al-Kanani 2022.
  10. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 49.
  11. ^ Maliki et al. 2019, pp. 20–22.
  12. ^ Al-Rubayyah 2021.
  13. ^ a b Dadaa 2021, p. 50.
  14. ^ a b c Dadaa 2021, p. 52.
  15. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 60.
  16. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 43.
  17. ^ Maliki et al. 2019, pp. 25–26.
  18. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 87.
  19. ^ Dadaa 2021, p. 158.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Al-Kanani, Jumaan (2 March 2022). "Al-Aghawat nadharu anfusahum li khidmat al-Haramayn al-Shareefayn" [The Aghawat have dedicated themselves to the service of the two noble sanctuaries]. Al-Riyadh (in Arabic).
  • Al-Rubayyah, Bashra (15 April 2021). "Thalatha rujal fawqa al-taseein: Man tabaqa min "Aghawat" al-Haram al-Nabawi" [Three men over the age of ninety: Who remains from the "Aghawat" of the Prophet's Mosque]. Independent Arabia (in Arabic).
  • Dadaa, Sahar (2021). Aghawat al-Haramayn al-Shareefayn 'Abr al-'Asur: Dirasah Tareekhiyah Hadariyah [The Aghawat of the Two Holy Sanctuaries Throughout the Ages: A Historical-Civilizational Study] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Saudi Arabia: Dārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz - King Abdulaziz Foundation. ISBN 9786039108368.
  • Maliki, Sulaiman; Nasr, Ahmad; Onal, Saaduddin (2019). Al-Aghawat: Dirasah li-Aghawat al-Masjid al-Haram wal-Masjid al-Nabawi al-Shareefayn ((Dirasah Tareekhiyah Hadariyah)) [The Aghawat: A Study of the Attendants of the Holy Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina ((A Historical-Civilizational Study))] (PDF) (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Mecca, Saudi Arabia: Dar Ibn Abbas.
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