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Allied siege of La Rochelle

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For 1628 siege, see Siege of La Rochelle.
Allied siege of La Rochelle (1944–1945)
Part of World War II

Free French armoured car which participated in the liberation of La Rochelle in 1945. Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon.
DateSeptember 1944 – May 1945
Location
La Rochelle
Result German surrender
Belligerents
 Nazi Germany  Free French
 United States
 United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Nazi Germany Vice-Admiral Ernst Schirlitz Surrendered Free France General de Larminat
Strength
22,000

The Allied siege of La Rochelle occurred during the Second World War in 1944–45, when Allied troops invaded France.[1][2] La Rochelle was an important German base on the Atlantic, especially a major submarine base from where U-boat campaigns were launched.[3] Until the end of the war, La Rochelle was, with other harbours such as Royan or Saint-Nazaire, one of the remaining "Atlantic pockets" occupied by the Germans, which had been bypassed by the main thrust of the Allied invasion. On the North Sea, Dunkirk was similarly bypassed. The city was liberated only at the very end of the war, nine months after the Liberation of Paris, after the general German capitulation on 8 May 1945.

The siege (September 1944 – May 1945)

The "pocket" of La Rochelle ("Poche de La Rochelle") was a zone extending to a distance of about 10 kilometers around La Rochelle, reinforced by an anti-tank trench. After the allied landing in Normandy in June 1944, a large number of German troops had regrouped in the area.

The allied siege of the pocket of La Rochelle lasted from September 1944 to May 1945, without heavy bombardment.[2][3] La Rochelle remained in German hands until the end of the war, much as other Atlantic harbours such as Brest, Saint-Nazaire, Lorient, Gironde-Nord, Gironde-Sud because the main thrust of the war was more concerned with focusing on Germany itself.[4] Just surrounding the city was considered wiser than conducting a frontal attack, as the city would ultimately fall anyway with the end of the war.[4] The German command also wished to keep control of the coastal garrisons and rejected evacuation in order to maintain a threat on Allied shipping in the Atlantic.[4]

U-boat bunker at the harbor of La Rochelle.

In total 39,500 French civilians were under the rule of Vice-Admiral Schirlitz, head of Navy Command West, in La Rochelle during the war.[4][5] The German garrison numbered 22,000 men. During the siege the Allies still allowed for electricity, wood and some supplies to be delivered in order to alleviate the ordeal of the civilian population inside the walls of the city.[4] The Free French Forces were opposed to such a passive attitude, and desired to take these coastal cities by force, mostly out of considerations of national pride.[4] FFI troops, however, remained unable to capture the city.[6]

Agreements were made between the French and the German occupation force in La Rochelle, to the effect that the French would not attack and that in exchange the Germans would not destroy the port installations of La Rochelle-La Pallice.[7]

In effect, La Rochelle was surrounded efficiently enough, and suffered enough from the siege, with harbour facilities being damaged by Allied air attacks, that the Germans were unable to launch major U-Boat attacks on Allied shipping for the duration of the siege.[4] However, every week a Luftwaffe plane was able to break through the blockade and supply the garrison.[6] In order to raise the morale of German troops in La Rochelle, the propaganda movie Kolberg, celebrating resistance against the French in 1806, was sent in by Göring and premiered simultaneously in Berlin and La Rochelle on 30 January 1945.[8]

Allied offensive against German "Atlantic pockets"

From spring 1945, General De Larminat was put in charge of French forces in the region, with the objective of capturing La Rochelle.[6] The United States was to give logistical support as well as strategic air support.[6]

Operation Vénérable

Nearby Royan was burnt to the ground by General de Larminat, a fate La Rochelle narrowly escaped.
The USAAF's 447th Bomb Group helped raze the nearby city of Royan.

The first city to be attacked was the nearby city of Royan, held by 5,500 German troops and inhabited by 3,000 French civilians. The city suffered a first strategic bombing on 5 January 1945 by the RAF, and then a massive attack by Allied troops under the French General de Larminat in Operation Vénérable on 14 April 1945, involving USAAF bombings on the 14th and 15th, bombardment by the fleet of Vice-Admiral Joseph Rue, and land attack by the 10th French Division and the 66th US Division.[9] The French command apparently had advocated that the French harbours should be retaken by military force, rather than awaiting their eventual surrender by the Germans. The city suffered heavy bombardment by 1,000 planes, including those of the USAAF's 447th Bomb Group,[10] with the result that the city was razed, and 1,500 civilians killed, in what has been described by the historian Howard Zinn as a "crime".[11][12]

Altogether, 27,000 artillery shells were fired over Royan, and the city saw one of the first military uses of napalm on 15 April 1945, dropped by Allied bombers, which made the city "a blazing furnace".[13]

Operation Mousquetaire

La Rochelle escaped this fate only because Royan was at the time considered a higher priority, due to its commanding position on the Gironde River. After Royan was taken, Ile d'Oléron was also captured in Operation Jupiter,[13] and de Larminat was planning to capture La Rochelle next in Opération Mousquetaire, but the plan was cancelled with the capitulation of Germany.

The French regiments that participated in the operations were under-strength units incorporating FFI elements: the 50th and 158th Regiments of the French 23rd Infantry Division (known as Division de marche Oléron), in conjunction with the French 2nd Armored Division and other elements.[14] The 4e régiment de Zouaves especially participated in the liberation of La Rochelle.

La Rochelle was one of the last French cities to be liberated in 1945.[15] It was surrendered to the Allies only on 7 May 1945,[3] with the surrender ceremony occurring on 8 May 1945, at 23:45. The Germans surrendered in Dunkirk on 9 May and Saint-Nazaire on 11 May.

Legacy

Monument to the "pocket of La Rochelle" ("Mémorial de la poche de La Rochelle 1944-1945"), near Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis.

US troops would remain in the area around La Rochelle, within the dispositions of the Atlantic Alliance, at the bases of La Rochelle,[16] Croix-Chapeau, Bussac-Forêt,[17] and Saint-Jean-d'Angély (Fontenet) until 1966, when Charles de Gaulle withdrew France from the military wing of NATO, and ordered the closure of NATO bases in France.[18]

On 7 September 1996, a monument was established near the boundary of the La Rochelle pocket, near Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis, the "Mémorial de la poche de la Rochelle", in memory of the soldiers who died in the operation.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 1945: The War That Never Ended by Gregor Dallas p.364
  2. ^ a b The French Property Buyer's Handbook Natalie Avella p.362
  3. ^ a b c Barbour, Philippe (2004). France. Dana Facaros, Michael Pauls. p. 356. ISBN 9781860118814.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Leitz, Christian (1996). Economic relations between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain: 1936-1945. p. 213ff. ISBN 9780198206453.
  5. ^ Red storm on the Reich: the Soviet march on Germany, 1945 Christopher Duffy p.287 [1]
  6. ^ a b c d Provenance Ilian Stuart p.252ff
  7. ^ The Zinn reader: writings on disobedience and democracy by Howard Zinn p.273 [2]
  8. ^ Cultural History Through a National Socialist Lens Robert C. Reimer p.59 [3]
  9. ^ Naval warfare 1919-45: an operational history of the volatile war at sea Malcolm H. Murfett, p.437 [4]
  10. ^ 447th Bomb Group Association
  11. ^ Zinn, Howard (1997). The Zinn reader: writings on disobedience and democracy. p. 275ff. ISBN 9781888363548.
  12. ^ The politics of history: with a new introduction Howard Zinn p.266 [5]
  13. ^ a b The Zinn reader: writings on disobedience and democracy by Howard Zinn p.278ff [6]
  14. ^ Stone&Stone Second World War Books
  15. ^ La Rochelle Official Website
  16. ^ Huston, James Alvin (1990). Outposts and allies: U.S. Army logistics in the Cold War, 1945-1953. p. 93. ISBN 9780838634127.
  17. ^ The Washington Post Friday, February 8, 2008
  18. ^ Sorenson, David S. (2007). Military base closure: a reference handbook. p. 9. ISBN 9780275991524.

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