Alloy: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Steel wire rope.png|thumb|[[Steel]] is a metal alloy whose major component is [[iron]], with [[carbon]] content between 0.02% and 1.7% by mass.]] |
[[Image:Steel wire rope.png|thumb|[[Steel]] is a metal alloy whose major component is [[iron]], with [[carbon]] content between 0.02% and 1.7% by mass.]] |
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An '''alloy''' is a partial or complete [[solid solution]] of one or more [[chemical element|elements]] in a [[metallic]] matrix. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may be [[homogeneous]] in distribution depending on thermal (heat treatment) history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements. |
An '''alloy''' is a partial or complete [[solid solution]] of one or more [[chemical element|elements]] in a [[metallic]] matrix. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may be [[homogeneous]] fart in distribution depending on thermal (heat treatment) history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements. |
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FARTING IS NOT ALLOWED! |
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Alloying one metal with other metal(s) or non metal(s) often enhances its properties. |
Alloying one metal with lumpy bits in and other metal(s) or non metal(s) often enhances its properties. |
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For instance, [[steel]] is stronger than [[iron]], its primary element. The physical properties, such as [[density]], [[reactivity]], [[Young's modulus]], and [[electrical conductivity|electrical]] and [[thermal conductivity]], of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as [[tensile strength]]<ref>Adelbert Phillo Mills, (1922) ''Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties'', John Wiley & sons, inc, 489 pages, originally published by the University of Wisconsin, Madison</ref> and [[shear strength]] may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes due to the sizes of the [[atom]]s in the alloy, since larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element occur. For example, impurities in semi-conducting [[ferromagnetic]] alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v188/i2/p870_1 C. Michael Hogan, (1969) ''Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy'' Phys. Rev. 188, 870 - 874, [Issue 2 – December 1969]</ref><ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v32/i4/p2530_1. X. Y. Zhang and H. Suhl (1985) Phys. Rev. A 32, 2530 - 2533 (1985) [Issue 4 – October 1985]</ref> |
For instance, [[steel]] is stronger than [[iron]], its primary element. The physical properties, such as [[density]], [[reactivity]], [[Young's modulus]], and [[electrical conductivity|electrical]] and [[thermal conductivity]], of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as [[tensile strength]]<ref>Adelbert Phillo Mills, (1922) ''Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties'', John Wiley & sons, inc, 489 pages, originally published by the University of Wisconsin, Madison</ref> and [[shear strength]] may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes due to the sizes of the [[atom]]s in the alloy, since larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element occur. For example, impurities in semi-conducting [[ferromagnetic]] alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v188/i2/p870_1 C. Michael Hogan, (1969) ''Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy'' Phys. Rev. 188, 870 - 874, [Issue 2 – December 1969]</ref><ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v32/i4/p2530_1. X. Y. Zhang and H. Suhl (1985) Phys. Rev. A 32, 2530 - 2533 (1985) [Issue 4 – October 1985]</ref> |
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Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. [[Brass]] is an alloy made from copper and zinc. [[Bronze]], used for [[bearing (mechanical)|bearings]], [[statue]]s, [[ornament (architecture)|ornaments]] and [[church bell]]s, is an alloy of [[tin]] and [[copper]]. |
Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. [[Brass]] is an alloy made from copper and zinc. [[Bronze]], used for [[bearing (mechanical)|bearings]], [[statue]]s, [[ornament (architecture)|ornaments]] and [[church bell]]s, is an alloy of [[tin]] and [[copper]]. |
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Revision as of 23:09, 16 January 2009
An alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may be homogeneous fart in distribution depending on thermal (heat treatment) history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements. FARTING IS NOT ALLOWED!
Alloying one metal with lumpy bits in and other metal(s) or non metal(s) often enhances its properties. For instance, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus, and electrical and thermal conductivity, of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties, such as tensile strength[1] and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes due to the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, since larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element occur. For example, impurities in semi-conducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura.[2][3] Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc. Bronze, used for bearings, statues, ornaments and church bells, is an alloy of tin and copper.
Unlike pure metals, most alloys do not have a single melting point. Instead, they have a melting range in which the material is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. The temperature at which melting begins is called the solidus and the temperature when melting is complete is called the liquidus. However, for most alloys there is a particular proportion of constituents which give them a single melting point or (rarely) two. This is called the alloy's eutectic mixture.
Terminology
In practice, some alloys are used so predominantly with respect to their base metals that the name of the primary constituent is also used as the name of the alloy. For example, 14 karat gold is an alloy of gold with other elements. Similarly, the silver used in jewelry and the aluminium used as a structural building material are also alloys.
The term "alloy" is sometime used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply "alloy wheels". The usage is obviously indefinite, since steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys.
See also
References
- ^ Adelbert Phillo Mills, (1922) Materials of Construction: Their Manufacture and Properties, John Wiley & sons, inc, 489 pages, originally published by the University of Wisconsin, Madison
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, (1969) Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy Phys. Rev. 188, 870 - 874, [Issue 2 – December 1969
- ^ X. Y. Zhang and H. Suhl (1985) Phys. Rev. A 32, 2530 - 2533 (1985) [Issue 4 – October 1985