Altungulata
Altungulata[1] | |
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Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu Fischer 1986 and later authors) is an invalid clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa.)[2]
The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by Franz 1924, a German zoologist and racial theorist. It was resurrected by Fischer 1986 by including sirenians and excluding South American ungulates, phenacodontids, and meniscotheriids from the original concept.[3]
The name "Altungulata", introduced by Prothero & Schoch 1989 and revised by McKenna & Bell 1997,[2] was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.[3]
Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to Thewissen & Domning 1992, Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata.[4]
Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing Altungulata into Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria), and the validity of the following uniting synapomorphies remain disputed:[2]
- bilophodonty, two lophs or crests running transversally across the crown of the tooth
- large third molars
- molarization of posterior premolars
- elongated thoracic region with at least 19 vertebrae
- clavicle absent
- similar development of fetal membranes
Recent studies on Abdounodus showcase that dental synapomorphies between both groups arose independently, further discrediting the Altungulata hypothesis.[5]
Classification
The classification below is from Rose 2006, p. 242. Paenungulata together with Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, and the lipotyphlan families Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae compose Afrotheria.
- †Radinskya,
- †Olbitherium
- Order Perissodactyla
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Superfamily Equoidea
- Suborder Tapiromorpha
- †Isectolophidae
- Infraorder Ceratomorpha
- Superfamily Tapiroidea
- Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea
- Infraorder †Ancylopoda
- Suborder †Titanotheriomorpha
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- †Brontotheriidae (equoids)
- †Anchilophidae (palaeotheriid equoids?)
- Superfamily †Brontotherioidea
- Suborder Hippomorpha
- Order Paenungulata (=Uranotheria)
- Suborder Hyracoidea (sister taxon of Perissodactyla?)
- Suborder Tethytheria
- Infraorder †Embrithopoda
- Infraorder Sirenia
- Infraorder †Desmostylia
- Infraorder Proboscidea
See also
Notes
- ^ "Mirorder Altungulata". Systema Naturae 2000. Retrieved April 2013.
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(help) - ^ a b c d Rose 2006, pp. 241–4
- ^ a b Hooker 2005, pp. 201–2
- ^ "[Bibliography of] Thewissen, Johannes". Sirenia.org. Retrieved May 2013.
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(help) - ^ Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016). "Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556.
References
- Fischer, Martin S. (1986). Die Stellung der Schliefer (Hyracoidea) im phylogenetischen System der Eutheria. Vol. 84. pp. 1–132. ISBN 9783924500214. OCLC 15682192.
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(help) - Franz, Victor (1924). Die Geschichte der Organismen. Jena: Verlag G. Fischer.
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(help) - Hooker, Jeremy J. (2005). "The phylogenetic, geographic, and temporal origins of the Perissodactyla". In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801880223. OCLC 55801049.
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(help) - McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231110138. OCLC 37345734.
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(help) - Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (1989). "Origin and Evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis". In Prothero, Donald R.; Schoch, Robert M. (eds.). The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 504–37. ISBN 9780195060393. OCLC 19268080.
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suggested) (help) - Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 0801884721.
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(help) - Thewissen, J.G.M.; Domning, Daryl Paul (1992). "The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (4): 494–504. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011476. OCLC 4649662166.
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