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Andrew Wakefield

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Andrew Wakefield
Born1957 (age 66–67)
NationalityBritish
EducationKing Edward's School, Bath
Alma materSt Mary's Hospital Medical School, London
Occupation(s)Former surgeon, researcher
Known forMMR vaccine controversy

Andrew Wakefield (born 1957) is a British former surgeon and medical researcher known for his fraudulent[1] claims of a causative connection between the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine, autism and autistic enterocolitis. The latter controversial term was created by Wakefield to describe an unproven form of inflammatory bowel disease.

Four years after the publication of the study, the findings of other researchers failed to confirm or reproduce Wakefield's.[2] A 2004 investigation by Sunday Times reporter Brian Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on Wakefield's part,[3] and most of his coauthors then withdrew their support for the study's interpretations.[4] The British General Medical Council (GMC) conducted an inquiry into allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two former colleagues.[5] The investigation centred on Deer's numerous findings, including one that autistic children were subjected to unnecessary invasive medical procedures,[6] such as colonoscopy and lumbar puncture, and that Wakefield acted without the required ethical approval from an institutional review board.

On 28 January 2010, a five-member statutory tribunal of the GMC found some three dozen charges proved, including four counts of dishonesty and 12 counts involving the abuse of developmentally challenged children.[7] The panel ruled that Wakefield had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant", acted both against the interests of his patients, and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his published research.[8][9][10] The Lancet immediately and fully retracted his 1998 publication on the basis of the GMC’s findings, noting that elements of the manuscript had been falsified.[11] Wakefield was struck off the Medical Register in May 2010, and may no longer practise medicine in the UK.[12]

In January 2011, an article by Brian Deer and its accompanying editorial in BMJ identified Wakefield's work as an "elaborate fraud".[1][13][14] In a follow-up article,[15] Deer said that Wakefield had planned to launch a venture on the back of an MMR vaccination scare that would profit from new medical tests and "litigation driven testing".[16] However, by that time, Wakefield's study and public recommendations against the use of the combined MMR vaccine were linked to a steep decline in vaccination rates in the United Kingdom and a corresponding rise in measles cases, resulting in serious illness and several fatalities.[17][18][19] Wakefield has continued to defend his research and conclusions, saying there was no fraud, hoax or profit motive.[20]

Personal life and career

Wakefield was born in 1957;[21][22] his father was a neurologist and his mother was a general practitioner.[23] After leaving the independent King Edward's School, Bath,[24] Wakefield studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School[23] (now Imperial College School of Medicine), fully qualifying in 1981. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1985 and continued his studies under a Wellcome Trust travelling fellowship at the University of Toronto (U of T) in Canada, where he worked as a transplant surgeon, specialising in small intestine transplantation.[22] At U of T from 1986 to 1989, he co-authored a journal study on tissue rejection and transplantion, "Monocyte/Macrophage Procoagulant Activity as a Measure of Immune Responsiveness in Lewis and Brown Norway Inbred Rats."[25][26]

Back in the UK, he worked on the liver transplant programme at the Royal Free Hospital in London.[22] In 1995, while conducting research into Crohn's disease, he was approached by Rosemary Kessick, the parent of an autistic child, who was seeking help with her son's bowel problems and autism; Kessick ran a group called Allergy Induced Autism.[27] In 1996, Wakefield turned his attention to researching the connection between the MMR vaccine and autism.[22] At the time of his MMR research study, Wakefield was senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (from 2008 UCL Medical School). He resigned in 2001,[28] by "mutual agreement and was made a fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists",[29] and moved to the US in 2001[30] or 2004,[29] both dates according to The Times.

Wakefield helped establish and served as the executive director of Thoughtful House Center for Children, a center for the study of autism in Austin, Texas where, according to The Times he "continued to promote the theory of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, despite admitting it was 'not proved'."[29] He resigned from Thoughtful House in February 2010, after the British General Medical Council found that he had been "dishonest and irresponsible" in conducting his earlier autism research in England.[25][31] The Times reported in May 2010 that he was a medical advisor for Visceral, a UK charity that "researches bowel disease and developmental disorders".[29]

Wakefield is no longer licensed in the UK as a physician,[12] and is not licensed in the US.[32] As of January 2011, he lives in the US where he has a following including celebrities like Jenny McCarthy[33] of the autism advocacy group, Generation Rescue, who wrote the foreword for Wakefield's autobiography, Callous Disregard, and believes her son's autism is due to vaccines.[19] According to Deer, as of 2011, he lives near Austin with his wife, Carmel, and four children.[25]

MMR controversy

Main article: MMR vaccine controversy

On 28 February 1998, a paper written by Wakefield and 12 other doctors about 12 autism spectrum children was published in The Lancet.[34] The paper described what its authors suggested was a new syndrome, raising the possibility of a link between a novel form of bowel disease, autism, and the MMR vaccine. In the study's "findings", the authors noted that the parents of eight of the twelve children linked what were described as "behavioural symptoms" with MMR, and in its "results" reported that the onset of these symptoms began within two weeks of MMR vaccination.[34] In the published Lancet summary, known as the "interpretation", the authors wrote:

"We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."[34]

These possible triggers were reported to be MMR in eight cases, and measles infection in one. The paper was instantly controversial, leading to widespread publicity in the UK and the convening of a special panel of the UK's Medical Research Council the following month.[35] One study done based in Japan found that there was no causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism in groups of children given the triple MMR vaccine and children who received individual measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations. The MMR was replaced with individual vaccinations in 1993.[36]

Although the paper said that no causal connection had been proven, and before it was published, Wakefield made statements at a press conference and in a video news release issued by the hospital, calling for suspension of the triple MMR vaccine until more research could be done.[37] The press conference was later criticized as 'science by press conference'.[38] According to BBC News, it was this press conference, rather than the Lancet paper, that fueled the MMR vaccination scare.[39] According to the BBC, "He told journalists it was a 'moral issue' and he could no longer support the continued use of the three-in-one jab for measles, mumps and rubella. 'Urgent further research is needed to determine whether MMR may give rise to this complication in a small number of people,' Dr Wakefield said at the time."[39] He said, "If you give three viruses together, three live viruses, then you potentially increase the risk of an adverse event occurring, particularly when one of those viruses influences the immune system in the way that measles does."[37] He suggested parents should opt for single jabs against measles, mumps and rubella, separated by gaps of one year.

In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, "I have been asked to go because my research results are unpopular."[28] The medical school said that he had left "by mutual agreement." In February 2002, Wakefield stated, "What precipitated this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of choice, and that is what has caused the furore – because the doctors, the gurus, are treating the public as though they are some kind of moronic mass who cannot make an informed decision for themselves."[40]

Aftermath of initial controversy

Wakefield continued conducting clinical research in the USA after leaving the Royal Free Hospital in December 2001. He joined a controversial American researcher, Jeffrey Bradstreet, at the International Child Development Resource Center, to conduct further studies on the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.[41]

In 2004, Wakefield started work at the Thoughtful House research center in Austin, Texas.[42] Wakefield served as Executive Director of Thoughtful House until February 2010, when he resigned in the wake of findings against him by the British General Medical Council.[31][43]

In February 2004, controversy resurfaced when Wakefield was accused of a conflict of interest. The Sunday Times reported that some of the parents of the 12 children in the Lancet study were recruited via a UK lawyer preparing a lawsuit against MMR manufacturers, and that the Royal Free Hospital had received £55,000 from the UK's Legal Aid Board (now the Legal Services Commission) to pay for the research.[44] Previously, in October 2003, the board had cut off public funding for the litigation against MMR manufacturers.[45] Following an investigation of The Sunday Times allegations by the UK General Medical Council, Wakefield was charged with serious professional misconduct, including dishonesty.[46] In December 2006, the Sunday Times further reported that in addition to the money they gave the Royal Free Hospital, the lawyers responsible for the MMR lawsuit had paid Wakefield personally more than £400,000, which he had not previously disclosed.[47]

Twenty-four hours before the 2004 Sunday Times report, The Lancet responded to the investigation in a public statement, describing Wakefield's research as "fatally flawed". The Lancet's editor said he believed the paper would have been rejected as biased if the peer reviewers had been aware of Wakefield's conflict of interest.[48] Ten of Wakefield's twelve co-authors of the Lancet paper later published a retraction of an interpretation:[49] The section of the paper retracted read as follows:

"Interpretation. We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."

The retraction stated:[49]

"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between (the) vaccine and autism, as the data were insufficient. However the possibility of such a link was raised, and consequent events have had major implications for public health. In view of this, we consider now is the appropriate time that we should together formally retract the interpretation placed upon these findings in the paper, according to precedent."[50]

Wakefield v Channel 4 and others

In November 2004, Channel 4 broadcast a one-hour Dispatches investigation by reporter Brian Deer; the Toronto Star said Deer had "produced documentary evidence that Wakefield applied for a patent on a single-jab measles vaccine before his campaign against the MMR vaccine, raising questions about his motives".[25][51] Although Deer said he possessed a copy of the patent application, a letter from Wakefield's lawyers dated 31 Jan 2005 said: "Dr Wakefield did not plan a rival vaccine."[51] Additionally, his laboratory had failed to find measles virus in the children.[52]

In January 2005, Wakefield initiated libel proceedings against Channel 4, the independent production company Twenty Twenty and Brian Deer. At the same time, Wakefield issued libel proceedings against The Sunday Times, and against Deer personally over his website briandeer.com.[53] Within weeks of issuing his claims, however, Wakefield sought to have the action frozen until after the conclusion of General Medical Council proceedings against him. Fighting back, Channel 4 and Deer obtained a High Court order compelling Wakefield to continue with his action, or discontinue it. After a hearing in court, Mr Justice David Eady ruled against Wakefield, accusing him of using legal moves "as a weapon in his attempts to close down discussion and debate over an important public issue," and stating:

"I am quite satisfied, therefore, that the Claimant wished to extract whatever advantage he could from the existence of the proceedings while not wishing to progress them or to give the Defendants an opportunity of meeting the claims."[54]

In pleadings submitted to the court, Channel 4's lawyers spelt out what they said Deer's programme had alleged. It said that Wakefield:[54]

(i) Had dishonestly and irresponsibly spread fear that the MMR vaccine might cause autism in some children, "even though he knew that his own laboratory's tests dramatically contradicted his claims and he knew or ought to have known that there was absolutely no scientific basis at all for his belief that MMR should be broken up into single vaccines."
(ii) In spreading such fear, also acted dishonestly and irresponsibly, by repeatedly failing to disclose conflicts of interest and/or material information, including his association with contemplated litigation against the manufacturers of MMR and his application for a patent[51] for a vaccine for measles which, if effective, and if the MMR vaccine had been undermined and/or withdrawn on safety grounds, would have been commercially very valuable.
(iii) Caused medical colleagues serious unease by carrying out research tests on vulnerable children outside the terms or in breach of the permission given by an ethics committee, in particular by subjecting those children to highly invasive and sometimes distressing clinical procedures and thereby abusing them.
(iv) Has been unremittingly evasive and dishonest in an effort to cover up his wrong-doing.

Proceedings continued for two years, but in December 2006, Deer reported figures obtained from the Legal Services Commission showing that it had paid £435,643 in undisclosed fees to Wakefield for him to build a case against the MMR vaccine,[55] payments which The Sunday Times reported had begun two years before the Lancet paper.[47]

Within days of Deer's report, Wakefield dropped all his libel actions[56] and was required to pay all the defendants' legal costs.[57][58]

Other concerns

Other concerns regarding Wakefield were that an extension of his project caused life-threatening complications in one child, who received substantial compensation in an out-of-court settlement.[59] Wakefield's data were also questioned;[18] a former graduate student, who appeared in Deer's programme, later testified that Wakefield ignored laboratory data which conflicted with his hypothesis. An independent investigation of a collaborating laboratory questioned the accuracy of the data underpinning Wakefield's claims.[60]

In June 2005, the BBC programme Horizon reported on an unpublished study of blood samples from a group of 100 autistic children and 200 children without autism. They reported finding 99% of the samples contained no trace of the measles virus, and the samples that did contain the virus were just as likely to be from non-autistic children, i.e. only three samples contained the measles virus, one from an autistic child and two from a neuro-typical child. The study's authors found no evidence of any link between MMR and autism.[61]

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[62] along with the CDC[63] and the UK National Health Service,[64] have found no link between vaccines and autism. Reviews in the medical literature have also found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism or with bowel disease, which Wakefield called "autistic enterocolitis."[65][66][67]

General Medical Council hearings

Between July 2007 and May 2010, a 217-day "fitness to practise" hearing of the UK General Medical Council examined charges of professional misconduct against Wakefield and two colleagues involved in the Lancet paper.[68][69] The charges included that he:

  • "Was being paid to conduct the study by solicitors representing parents who believed their children had been harmed by MMR".[68]
  • Ordered investigations "without the requisite paediatric qualifications" including colonoscopies, colon biopsies and lumbar punctures ("spinal taps") on his research subjects without proper approval and contrary to the children's clinical interests,[68] when these diagnostic tests were not indicated by the children's symptoms or medical history.
  • "Act[ed] 'dishonestly and irresponsibly' in failing to disclose ... how patients were recruited for the study".[68]
  • "Conduct[ed] the study on a basis which was not approved by the hospital's ethics committee."[68]
  • Purchased blood samples - for £5 each - from children present at his son's birthday party, which Wakefield joked about in a later presentation.[68]

Wakefield denied the charges;[70] on 28 January 2010, the GMC ruled against Wakefield on all issues, stating that he had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant",[8] acted against the interests of his patients,[8] and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his controversial research.[9] On 24 May 2010 he was struck off the United Kingdom medical register;[12][71] co-author John Walker-Smith was also struck from the medical register, while junior author Simon Murch was cleared.[12][72][73] On the same day, Wakefield's autobiography, Callous Disregard was published. It argued that he had been unfairly treated by the medical and scientific establishment.[74]

Fraud and conflict of interest allegations

In February 2009, The Sunday Times reported that a further investigation by the newspaper had revealed that Wakefield "changed and misreported results in his research, creating the appearance of a possible link with autism",[75] citing evidence obtained by the newspaper from medical records and interviews with witnesses, and supported by evidence presented to the GMC.

In April 2010, Deer expanded on laboratory aspects of his findings in a report in the BMJ, recounting how normal clinical histopathology results (obtained from the Royal Free hospital) had been subjected to wholesale changes, from normal to abnormal, in the medical school and published in The Lancet.[76] On 2 January 2011, Deer provided two tables comparing the data on the twelve children, showing the original hospital data and the data with the wholesale changes as used in the 1998 Lancet article.[77]

On 5 January 2011, BMJ published an article by Brian Deer entitled "How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed".[78] Deer, funded by The Sunday Times of London and Channel 4 television network, said that, based on examination of the medical records of the 12 children in the original study, data that Wakefield used was fraudulent, because:[78]

  • Only one child in the study had regressive autism; three had not been diagnosed at all. Five of the 12 children were not "previously normal" (pre-vaccination), as stated in the study.
  • Records showed symptoms for some children did not begin weeks after vaccination as stated, rather months later in some cases, and some unremarkable medical findings upon initial examination were altered.
  • "Patients were recruited through anti-MMR campaigners, and the study was commissioned and funded for planned litigation."[78]

In an accompanying editorial, BMJ editors said:

Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare ... Who perpetrated this fraud? There is no doubt that it was Wakefield. Is it possible that he was wrong, but not dishonest: that he was so incompetent that he was unable to fairly describe the project, or to report even one of the 12 children's cases accurately? No. A great deal of thought and effort must have gone into drafting the paper to achieve the results he wanted: the discrepancies all led in one direction; misreporting was gross. Moreover, although the scale of the GMC's 217 day hearing precluded additional charges focused directly on the fraud, the panel found him guilty of dishonesty concerning the study's admissions criteria, its funding by the Legal Aid Board, and his statements about it afterwards.[1]

In a BMJ follow-up article on 11 January 2011,[15] Deer said that based upon documents he obtained under Freedom of information legislation,[79] Wakefield—in partnership with the father of one of the boys in the study—had planned to launch a venture on the back of an MMR vaccination scare that would profit from new medical tests and "litigation driven testing".[16][51] The Washington Post reported that Deer said that Wakefield predicted he "could make more than $43 million a year from diagnostic kits" for the new condition, autistic enterocolitis.[79] According to Deer's report in BMJ, the ventures, Immunospecifics Biotechnologies Ltd and Carmel Healthcare Ltd—named after Wakefield’s wife, failed after Wakefield's superiors at University College London's medical school gave him a two-page letter that said:

"We remain concerned about a possible serious conflict of interest between your academic employment by UCL, and your involvement with Carmel ... This concern arose originally because the company's business plan appears to depend on premature, scientifically unjustified publication of results, which do not conform to the rigorous academic and scientific standards that are generally expected."[15]

WebMD reported on Deer's BMJ report, saying that the $43 million predicted yearly profits would come from marketing kits for "diagnosing patients with autism" and that "the initial market for the diagnostic will be litigation-driven testing of patients with AE [autistic enterocolitis, an unproven condition concocted by Wakefield] from both the UK and the USA".[80] According to WebMD, the BMJ article also claimed that Carmel Healthcare Ltd would succeed in marketing products and developing a replacement vaccine if "public confidence in the MMR vaccine was damaged".[80]

Journal retractions

On 2 February 2010, The Lancet formally retracted Wakefield's 1998 paper.[81][82] The retraction states that "the claims in the original paper that children were 'consecutively referred' and that investigations were 'approved' by the local ethics committee have been proven to be false".[11]

The following day the editor of a specialist journal, Neurotoxicology, withdrew another Wakefield paper that was in press. The article, which concerned research on monkeys, had already been published online and sought to implicate vaccines in autism.[83]

In May 2010, The American Journal of Gastroenterology retracted a paper of Wakefield's that used data from the 12 patients of the Lancet article.[84]

On 5 January 2011, BMJ editors recommended that Wakefield's other publications should be scrutinized and retracted if need be.[33]

Wakefield response

As of January 2011, Wakefield has continued to maintain his innocence. He said:

"I want to make one thing crystal clear for the record – my research and the serious medical problems found in those children were not a hoax and there was no fraud whatsoever. Nor did I seek to profit from our findings. ... despite media reports to the contrary, the results of my research have been duplicated in five other countries ... I continue to fully support more independent research to determine if environmental triggers, including vaccines, are causing autism and other developmental problems. ... Since the Lancet paper, I have lost my job, my career and my country. To claim that my motivation was profit is patently untrue. I will not be deterred – this issue is far too important."[20]

According to BMJ, he says "he never claimed that the children had regressive autism, nor that he said they were previously normal. He never misreported or changed any findings in the study, and never patented a measles vaccine. None of the children were [attorney] Barr's clients before referral to the hospital, and he never received huge payments from the lawyer. There were no conflicts of interest. He is the victim of a conspiracy. He never linked autism with MMR."[78]

In an internet radio interview, Wakefield said the BMJ series "was utter nonsense" and denied "that he used the cases of the 12 children in his study to promote his business venture".[16] Although Deer is funded by The Sunday Times and Channel 4, he has filed financial disclosure forms and denies receiving any funding from the pharmaceutical industry, who Wakefield says is paying him.[16] According to CNN, Wakefield said the patent he held was for "an 'over-the-counter nutritional supplement' that boosts the immune system".[16] WebMD reported that Wakefield said he was the victim of "a ruthless, pragmatic attempt to crush any attempt to investigate valid vaccine safety concerns".[80] Wakefield also points out that The Sunday Times owner, James Murdoch, received a £75,000-a-year position with Glaxo-Smith Kline in 2009 as a non-executive director. Glaxo-Smith Kline are the manufacturers of the MMR vaccine.."Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Wakefield claims that Deer is a "hit man who was brought in to take [him] down" and that other scientists have simply taken Deer at his word. While on Anderson Cooper 360°, claiming he hadn't read the BMJ articles yet, he denied their validity and denied that Deer had interviewed the families of the children in the study. He also urged viewers to read his book, Callous Disregard, which he claimed would explain why he was being targeted, to which Anderson Cooper replied: "But, sir, if you're lying, then your book is also a lie. If your study is a lie, your book is a lie."[85]

Deer responded to Wakefield's charge that he was a "hit man" by challenging Wakefield to sue him for libel:

"If it is true that Andrew Wakefield is not guilty as charged, he has the remedy of bringing a libel action against myself, the Sunday Times of London, against the medical journal here, and he would be the richest man in America."[86]

He also noted that Wakefield has previously sued him and lost.[54][86]

Epidemics and effects

Physicians, medical journals, and editors[87][88][89][90][91] have made statements tying Wakefield's fraudulent actions to various epidemics and deaths.[92] Michael J. Smith, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Louisville, an "infectious diseases expert who has studied the autism controversy's effect on immunization rates", said, "Clearly, the results of this [Wakefield] study have had repercussions."[93][94]

The Associated Press said:

"Immunization rates in Britain dropped from 92 percent to 73 percent, and were as low as 50 percent in some parts of London. The effect was not nearly as dramatic in the United States, but researchers have estimated that as many as 125,000 U.S. children born in the late 1990s did not get the MMR vaccine because of the Wakefield splash."[93]

ABC News Channel WWAY3 said:

"Since Dr. Andrew Wakefield's study was released in 1998, many parents have been convinced the measels, mumps and rubella vaccine could lead to autism. But that study may have done more harm than good. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, more cases of measles were reported in 2008 than any year since 1997. More than 90 percent of those infected had not been vaccinated, or their vaccination status was not known."[92]

Paul Hébert, editor-in-chief of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) said:

"There has been a huge impact from the Wakefield fiasco ... This spawned a whole anti-vaccine movement. Great Britain has seen measles outbreaks. It probably resulted in a lot of deaths."[25]

Journalist Brian Deer called for criminal charges to be brought against Wakefield.[86]

Selected publications

Books
  • Wakefield, Andrew J (2010-05-24). Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines: The Truth Behind a Tragedy. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1616081694. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Journals
  • Wakefield AJ, Ekbom A, Dhillon AP, Pittilo RM, Pounder RE (1995). "Crohn's disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection". Gastroenterology. 108 (3): 911–6. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90467-0. PMID 7875495. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Wakefield AJ, Pittilo RM, Sim R, Cosby SL, Stephenson JR, Dhillon AP, Pounder RE (1993). "Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease". J. Med. Virol. 39 (4): 345–53. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890390415. PMID 8492105. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Wakefield AJ, Sankey EA, Dhillon AP; et al. (1991). "Granulomatous vasculitis in Crohn's disease". Gastroenterology. 100 (5 Pt 1): 1279–87. PMID 2013373. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Wakefield AJ, Sawyerr AM, Dhillon AP, Pittilo RM, Rowles PM, Lewis AA, Pounder RE (1989). "Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease: multifocal gastrointestinal infarction". Lancet. 2 (8671): 1057–62. PMID 2572794. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent". BMJ. 342: c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Black C, Kaye JA, Jick H (2002). "Relation of childhood gastrointestinal disorders to autism: nested case-control study using data from the UK General Practice Research Database". BMJ. 325 (7361): 419–21. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.419. PMC 119436. PMID 12193358. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Deer, Brian (2004-02-22). "Revealed: MMR research scandal". The Sunday Times. London. {{cite news}}: Text "accessdate 2010-03-02" ignored (help)
  4. ^ McKee, Maggie (2004-03-04). "Controversial MMR and autism study retracted". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  5. ^ "MMR doctor 'to face GMC charges'". BBC News. 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  6. ^ Ferriman A (2004). "MP raises new allegations against Andrew Wakefield". BMJ. 328 (7442): 726. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7442.726-a. PMC 381348. PMID 15612092. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Deer, Brian. "General Medical Council, Fitness to Practise Panel Hearing, 28 January 2010, Andrew Wakefield, John Walker-Smith & Simon Murch" (PDF). briandeer.com. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  8. ^ a b c "MMR-row doctor failed in his duties". Yorkshire Evening Post. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  9. ^ a b "MMR scare doctor 'acted unethically', panel finds". BBC News. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  10. ^ Boseley, Sarah (2010-01-28). "Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  11. ^ a b The Editors Of The Lancet (2010). "Retraction--Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet. 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. {{cite journal}}: |last1= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ a b c d Meikle, James and Sarah Boseley (2010-05-24). "MMR row doctor Andrew Wakefield struck off register". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  13. ^ "Study linking vaccine to autism was fraud". NPR. Associated Press. 2011-01-05. Retrieved 201-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ Rose, David (2010-02-03). "Lancet journal retracts Andrew Wakefield MMR scare paper". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 2010-02-03.
  15. ^ a b c Deer B (2011-01-11). "How the vaccine crisis was meant to make money". BMJ. 342: c5258. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5258.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Vaccine study's author held related patent, medical journal reports". CNN. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  17. ^ Poland GA, Jacobson RM (2011-01-13). "The Age-Old Struggle against the Antivaccinationists". N Engl J Med. 364 (2): 97–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1010594. PMID 21226573.
  18. ^ a b Deer, Brian (2009-02-19). "Hidden records show MMR truth". Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  19. ^ a b "Study linking vaccines to autism is 'fraudulent'". Time. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  20. ^ a b "Statement From Dr. Andrew Wakefield: No Fraud. No Hoax. No Profit Motive". PharmaLive.com (Press release). PRNewswire. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
  21. ^ "Profile: Dr Andrew Wakefield". BBC. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  22. ^ a b c d Smith, Rebecca (2010-01-29). "Andrew Wakefield - the man behind the MMR controversy". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  23. ^ a b Goddard A (2004-02-27). "In the news: Andrew Wakefield = Times Higher Education Supplement". TSL Education Ltd.
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    Vaccine patent application

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