Anna of Oldenburg

Anna of Oldenburg
Anna of Oldenburg
Born	(1501-11-14)14 November 1501 Oldenburg
Died	24 September 1575(1575-09-24) (aged 73) Emden
Noble family	House of Oldenburg
Spouse(s)	Enno II of East Frisia
Father	John V, Count of Oldenburg
Mother	Anna of Anhalt-Zerbst

Anna of Oldenburg (14 November 1501 in Oldenburg – 24 September 1575 in Emden) was a Countess consort of East Frisia as the spouse of Count Enno II of East Frisia. She was the Regent of East Frisia in 1540/42–1561 as the guardian for her minor sons. Her reign lasted until 1561 and was generally supported by the Estates. Her chief advisor was her brother, count Christopher of Oldenburg. When she died in 1575, it was exactly 35 years after her own husband's death.

Biography

The main characteristic of her policy towards the Reformation was an effort to balance the various confessions and allow them to coexist. She adhered to the faith herself, but saw that among the East Frisian nobility Lutheranism as Zwinglianism were about equally distributed. It was cleat that a selection of one of these as the state religion of East Frisia, would not be enforceable. Catholics and Spiritualists were also allowed to practise their faith in East Frisia. Only under pressure from the emperor, was Baptism forbidden in 1549.

She founded the police force in East Frisia (1545), reformed the legal system. Next to its administrative tasks, the Chancellery was given judiciary tasks. Councillors and legal scholars were added to the Chancellery to carry out these tasks. The Chancellery was mostly a court of appeals, but would also act a court of first instance in cases involving the nobility.

During Anna's rule, the armed conflict with the Harlingerland flared up one more time, when Count John II "the Mad" of Harlingerland seized a strip of land at the Accumer Deep. Anna took her case to the Reichskammergericht and to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. The Circle arrested John, who had made many enemies, and he died in captivity in 1562.

In 1558, she abolished the law of the first born would succeed as sole ruler of the county, instead power was to be shared between her three sons, Edzard, Christopher and Johan. This was meant to prevent Swedish dominance in view of the wedding between her son Edzard to princess Katharina Vasa of Sweden (1559). It also implied a continuation of the religious balance, with Johan being a Calvinist and Edzard being Lutheran and neither of them able to establish their faith as the only religion allowed in the county.

The relationship between Edzard and Johan was not too good to begin with and it worsened after Christopher died in 1566. The power struggle between the brothers often blocked the exercise of their shared power; this greatly strengthened the nobility and the citizens of Emden.

Menso Alting had only been preacher at Emden for a short time, when Countess Anna died on 24 September 1575. He held his first major funeral sermon when she was buried in the family vault in the Great Church in Emden, the Reformed church, locally known as the [Moederkerk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("Mother Church").

After Johan's death in 1591 Edzard II became the sole ruler of the County of East Frisia, but his authority had been severely hit by the ongoing conflict. The weakening of the Count's house was one of the factors leading to the so-called "Emden Revolution".

Issue

From her marriage to Count Enno II, Anna had six children:

• Elizabeth (born: 10 January 1531; died: 6 September 1555), married in 1553 Count John V of Holstein-Pinneberg (1531–60)
• Edzard II (born: 24 June 1532; died: 1 September 1599)
• Hedwig (born: 29 June 1535; died: 4 November 1616), married on 8 October 1562 Duke Otto II of Brunswick-Harburg (1528–1603)
• Anna (born: 3 January 1534; died: 20 May 1552)
• Christopher (born: 8 October 1536; died: 29 September 1566 in Komárom, Hungary)
• Johan (born: 29 September 1538; died: 29 September 1591)

Ancestors

Family of Anna of Oldenburg

16. Christian V of Oldenburg 8. Dietrich of Oldenburg 17. Agnes of Hohnstein-Heringen 4. Gerhard VI, Count of Oldenburg 18. Gerhard VI of Holstein-Rendsburg 9. Helvig of Schauenburg 19. Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2. John V, Count of Oldenburg 20. Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg 10. Otto VII, Count of Tecklenburg 21. Anna Elisabeth of Moers 5. Adelaide of Tecklenburg 22. Eric I, Count of Hoya 11. Ermengard of Hoya-Nienburg 23. Helen of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1. Anna of Oldenburg 24. John II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 12. Sigismund I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 25. Elisabeth of Henneberg-Schleusingen 6. George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 26. Gebhard IX of Querfurt 13. Judith of Querfurt 27. Matilda of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg 3. Anna of Anhalt-Zerbst 28. Günther V, Count of Lindow-Ruppin 14. Albert VIII, Count of Lindow-Ruppin 29. Cordula of Wernigerode 7. Anna of Lindow-Ruppin 30. Jan I of Żagań 15. Anna of Sagan 31. Scholastika of Saxe-Wittenberg

References and sources

• Heiko Ebbel Janssen: Gräfin Anna von Ostfriesland - eine hochadelige Frau der späten Reformationszeit (1540/42-1575). Ein Beitrag zu den Anfängen der reformierten Konfessionalisierung im Reich, Münster, 1998, 285 pages, ISBN 3-402-03802-1
• Henning P. Jürgens: Die vormundschaftliche Regentschaft der Gräfin Anna und die Berufung Johannes a Lascos zum ostfriesischen Superintendenten, in: Emder Jahrbuch, vol. 79, 1999, p. 42-65
• Ernst Friedländer (1875), "Anna, Gräfin von Ostfriesland", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 468–469