Annals of Quedlinburg
The Annals of Quedlinburg (Latin: Saxonicae Annales Quedlinburgenses, German: Quedlinburger Annalen) were written between 1008 and 1030 in the convent of Quedlinburg Abbey. In recent years a consensus has emerged that the annalist was a woman.[1] The annals are mostly dedicated to the history of the Holy Roman Empire; they also contain the first written mention of the name of Lithuania ("Litua"), dated to 1009. The original document has disappeared, surviving only as a 16th-century copy held in Dresden,[2] but its contents endure as a scholarly resource.
Background
The city of Quedlinburg, Germany, was first mentioned in writing in a document dated to 922. Saint Mathilda founded a religious community for women at its abbey, serving as abbess from 966 to 999.[1] The abbey became a premier educational institution for the female nobles of Saxony, and maintained its mission for nearly 900 years.[3][4] The city served as an imperial palatinate of the Saxon emperors, where Henry the Fowler, the founder of the Ottonian dynasty, was buried.[5] Quedlinburg was situated not far from Magdeburg, the Royal Assembly of the empire, and its annalists could therefore rely on genuine information from the royal house and obtain eyewitness accounts.[5] The city lost some stature under the rule of Henry II, who broke with the tradition of celebrating Easter there; the Annals portray him unfavorably, and demonstrate the extent to which a royal monastery was entitled to criticize its monarch.[6]
Annals
The Annals open with a chronicle of world history from the time of Adam to the Third Council of Constantinople in 680-681, based on chronicles by Jerome, Isidore, and Bede.[3] The narrative is largely borrowed from multiple older sources until the year 1002, although original reports from as early as 852 are present. Beginning in 993, the narrative begins including events which represent the annalist's own eyewitness testimony concerning events at and around Quedlinburg.[3] The amount of detail increases significantly from 1008 onwards, leading some analysts to conclude that 1008 was the actual date that the Annals were first compiled, although Robert Holzman argues for a start date of 1000.[7] It has been suggested that the annalist temporarily abandoned the project between 1016 and 1021.[3] The exact reasons for this suspension of the work are unknown. Work on the project continued between 1021 and 1030, when its authors were able to report a military victory against Mieszko II.
The primary task of the annalists was to record the heritage of the Ottonian dynasty and of Quedlinburg itself. The Annals incorporate the stories of a number of historic and legendary figures such as Attila the Hun, King Dietrich of the Goths, and others.[3] The historian Felice Lifshitz has suggested that amount of saga material integrated into its narrative is without parallel.[3]
The Annals of Quedlinburg became an important research source; during the 12th century they were used at least by five contemporary historians. Felice Lifshitz asserts that the Annals of Quedlinburg played a key role in shaping the ways in which influential Germans of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw their medieval past.[3] They continue to be analyzed in other contexts: by scholars of Beowulf discussing its use of the term Hugones to mean Franks, by climatologists, and in a book discussing fear of the millennium.[7][8][9]
Mention of Lithuania
The first written occurrence of Lithuania's name has been traced to the Quedlinburg Annals and dated to 1009.[10] The passage reads:
Sanctus Bruno, qui cognominatur Bonifacius, archiepiscopus et monachus, XI suae conversionis anno in confinio Rusciae et Lituae a paganis capite plexus, cum suis XVIII, VII. Id. Martii petiit coelos.[11] "[In 1009] St. Bruno, an archbishop and monk, who was called Boniface, was struck in the head by Pagans during the 11th year of this conversion at the Rus and Lithuanian border, and along with 18 of his followers, entered heaven on March 9th."
From other sources that describe Bruno of Querfurt, it is clear that this missionary attempted to Christianize the pagan king Netimer and his subjects.[11] However, Netimer's brother, refusing to accept Christianity, killed Bruno and his followers. The historian Alfredas Bumblauskas has suggested that the story records the first baptismal attempt in the history of Lithuania.[11]
References
- ^ a b Thietmar of Merseburg (2001). Ottonian Germany:The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. pp. p.43. ISBN 0719049261.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "TO MARK THE MILLENNIUM OF LITHUANIA". Directorate for the Commemoration of the Millennium of Lithuania under the Auspices of the Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g Felice Lifshitz. Die Annales Quedlinburgenses Series: Monument Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum In Usum Scholarum Separatim Editi vol. 72, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-09-01
- ^ "Quedlinburg UNESCO World Heritage". UNESCO. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ a b Alfredas Bumblauskas. Senosios Lietuvos istorija 1009-1795. 2005, p. 16 ISBN 9986-830-89-3
- ^ Reuter, Timothy (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Chase, Colin (1997). The Dating of Beowulf. University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Stothers, Richard B. (1998). "Far Reach of the Tenth Century Eldgjá Eruption, Iceland". Climatic Change. 39 (4): 715. doi:10.1023/A:1005323724072.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Brody, Howard S. (2003). The Apocalyptic Year 1000: Religious Expectation and Social Change, 950-1050. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Richard C. Frucht. Eastern Europe. 2004. p.169 ISBN 1576078000
- ^ a b c Alfredas Bumblauskas. Lietuvos tūkstantmetis – Millennium Lithuaniae. Retrieved on 2009-09-01