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Map puffer

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Map puffer
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Tetraodontidae
Genus: Arothron
Species:
A. mappa
Binomial name
Arothron mappa
(Lesson, 1831)

The map puffer (Arothron mappa), also known as the map pufferfish, scribbled pufferfish, or Kesho-fugu,[2] is a demersal marine fish belonging to the family Tetraodontidae. The map puffer is typically found in tropical and subtropical waters from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean.[3] This fish contains tetrodotoxin, a potent and deadly chemical compound used to ward off predators. Despite being highly poisonous, the map puffer can be found both in the aquarium trade and certain food markets.[4][5]

Description

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Arothron mappa is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 65 cm length.[6] Its body is oval shape, spherical yet relatively elongated. The skin is not covered with scales, rather, the majority of the map puffer’s body is covered with small dermal spines with the exception of areas around the mouth, pectoral fin base, and caudal fin base.[7]

The fish has no pelvic fin and no lateral line. The dorsal fin and the anal fin are small, symmetric and located at the end of the body. Its snout is short with two pairs of nostrils and its mouth contains four strong teeth which have fused into an edged beak.[8] These teeth continue to grow throughout A. mappa's entire life, and must be constantly dulled by consuming hard-shelled prey.[4]

The background coloration is whitish with dense network of black, brown or greenish broken lines, with an irradiant line departure from the eye. Depending on specimen, some dark or yellowish blotches can occur around the mouth, the symmetrical anus, on the fins or anywhere on the body.

Map puffer displaying teeth and markings

Distribution and habitat

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Arothron mappa is found in tropical and subtropical waters from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean.[3] Adults can be found along both deep drop-offs and clear lagoon and sheltered reefs from the surface to 30 m depth.[2][6] Juveniles can be found on seagrass beds.[2]

Diet

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Arothron mappa feeds on benthic invertebrates, crustaceans, sponges and algaes.[3]

Behavior

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This pufferfish is diurnal and exhibits solitary behavior.[8]

Map puffer exhibiting solitary behavior in a barrel sponge

Reproduction

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Courting begins when an A. mappa male constructs a large flattened circle in a substrate by using its fins to dig and stir up sand particles.[4] The male will then dig geometric valleys and ridges within the circle to create a complex and geometric maze-like pattern.[9] This acts as both a mating display to attract females and a nesting site for eggs to be laid.[9] When a female A. mappa approaches a nest, the male will swim around and stir the sand to draw the female's attention. If the courtship ritual is successful, the female will enter the nest and release her eggs, which the male then fertilizes. Fertilized eggs will remain and develop within the nest until they hatch into a planktonic larval stage.[4]

Defense

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Arothron mappa contains tetrodotoxin - an extremely toxic sodium channel blocker which protects it from predators. A. mappa do not manufacture the tetrodotoxin compound themselves, rather, it is produced by endosymbiotic bacteria within the pufferfish that is passed down through the food chain.[10]

Parasitism

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Several invertebrate species are known to parasitize Arothron mappa and other Tetraodontiforme fishes. The Aporocotylidae species of Psettarium yoshidai is found exclusively in the map puffer,[11] and two nematode species in the genus Philometra (Philometra robusta[12] and Philometra pellucida[13]) can be found in the map puffer and other Tetraodontiformes. Aforementioned Philometra species cause severe swelling and distention of the gut in Tetraodontiformes. Cases of extreme infection and bloating caused by Philometra in an individual pufferfish can result in their rapid ascension to surface waters and consequent predation due to lack of shelter and mobility.[12]

As food

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Despite containing tetrodotoxin, several species of pufferfish in the family Tetraodontidae are considered delicacies in Japan.[14] Studies have shown that the map puffer’s flesh can be safely consumed by humans.[5] The skin, liver, gonads, and intestines of the map puffer should not be consumed, as they contain high concentrations of the tetrodotoxin.[5] Specialized training is required to prepare a puffer fish containing tetrodotoxin for consumption, as to not contaminate the edible flesh with tetrodotoxin contained within the fish’s skin and organs. However, pufferfish raised on fish farms in Japan which are fed a controlled diet are no longer toxic for human consumption, even the fish’s liver can be eaten as foie gras without any harmful effects.[15]

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  • Map puffer at Wakatobi National Park Indonesia, 2009
    Map puffer at Wakatobi National Park Indonesia, 2009
  • Map puffer at Morotai Indonesia, 2018
    Map puffer at Morotai Indonesia, 2018
  • Map puffer at Bunaken Sulawesi, 2003
    Map puffer at Bunaken Sulawesi, 2003
  • Close up of Map puffer at Raja Ampat Indonesia, 2020
    Close up of Map puffer at Raja Ampat Indonesia, 2020
  • Map puffer attacking, 2010
    Map puffer attacking, 2010
  • Young Map puffer at Réunion overseas département of France, 2014
    Young Map puffer at Réunion overseas département of France, 2014

References

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  1. ^ Shao, K.; Matsuura, K.; Leis, J.L.; Hardy, G.; Jing, L.; Liu, M.; Sanciangco, J. (2014). "Arothron mappa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T193671A2257989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193671A2257989.en. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Map puffer". Maldives Bio Diversity. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  3. ^ a b c "Map Blaasop: Arothron mappa (Lesson 1831)". EOL. Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.
  4. ^ a b c d Sutton A (2017-07-30). "Map Pufferfish – Facts and Photographs". Seaunseen. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  5. ^ a b c Khora SS, Isa J, Yasumoto T (1991). "Toxicity of puffers from Okinawa, Japan". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 57 (1): 163–167. doi:10.2331/suisan.57.163. ISSN 1349-998X.
  6. ^ a b Capuli EE, Bailly N. "Arothron mappa (Lesson 1831) Map puffer". FishBase.
  7. ^ Matsuura K, Toda M (7 October 1980). "First Records of Two Pufferfishes, Arothron mappa and A.reticularis, from Japan". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 28 (1): 91–93. doi:10.11369/jji1950.28.91 – via J-Stage.
  8. ^ a b Lieske E, Myers R (2002). Coral reef fishes. Indo-Pacific and Caribbean (Rev. ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08995-9.
  9. ^ a b Kawase H, Okata Y, Ito K (2013-07-01). "Role of huge geometric circular structures in the reproduction of a marine pufferfish". Scientific Reports. 3 (1): 2106. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2106K. doi:10.1038/srep02106. PMC 3696902. PMID 23811799.
  10. ^ Lago, Jorge; Rodríguez, Laura P.; Blanco, Lucía; Vieites, Juan Manuel; Cabado, Ana G. (October 2015). "Tetrodotoxin, an Extremely Potent Marine Neurotoxin: Distribution, Toxicity, Origin and Therapeutical Uses". Marine Drugs. 13 (10): 6384–6406. doi:10.3390/md13106384. PMC 4626696. PMID 26492253.
  11. ^ Yong RQ, Cutmore SC, Jones MK, Gauthier AR, Cribb TH (June 2018). "A complex of the blood fluke genus Psettarium (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) infecting tetraodontiform fishes of east Queensland waters" (PDF). Parasitology International. 67 (3): 321–340. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2017.12.003. PMID 29277472. S2CID 207315019.
  12. ^ a b Moravec F, Moller H, Heeger T (2013). "Philometra-Robusta Sp-N (Nematoda, Philometridae) From the Abdominal-Cavity of the Scribbled Toadfish, Arothron-Mappa (Lesson) From the Philippines". S2CID 90951626. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Iwaki T, Tamai K, Ogimoto K, Iwahashi Y, Waki T, Kawano F, Ogawa K (October 2020). "New records of Philometra pellucida (Jägerskiöld, 1893) (Nematoda: Philometridae) from the body cavity of Arothron mappa (Lesson) and Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch et Schneider) reared in aquariums, with synonymisation of Philometra robusta Moravec, Möller et Heeger, 1992". Folia Parasitologica. 67. doi:10.14411/fp.2020.025. PMID 33043892.
  14. ^ Ishizaki S, Yokoyama Y, Oshiro N, Teruya N, Nagashima Y, Shiomi K, Watabe S (March 2006). "Molecular identification of pufferfish species using PCR amplification and restriction analysis of a segment of the 16S rRNA gene". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part D, Genomics & Proteomics. 1 (1): 139–44. doi:10.1016/j.cbd.2005.09.004. PMID 20483244.
  15. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2008-05-04). "If the Fish Liver Can't Kill, Is It Really a Delicacy?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
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