Arothron stellatus
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| Species: | A. stellatus
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| Arothron stellatus (Anonymous in Lacépède, 1798)
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Arothron stellatus, also known as the stellate puffer, starry puffer, or starry toadfish is a demersal marine fish belonging to the family Tetraodontidae. It is found in shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region.
Description
Arothron stellatus is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 120 cm (47 in) in length.[1] Its body is oval shaped, spherical and relatively elongated. The skin is not covered with scales but is prickly. The fish has no pelvic fin and no lateral line. The dorsal fin and the anal fin are small, symmetric, and located at the rear end of the body. The head is large with a short snout that has two pairs of nostrils, and the mouth is terminal with four strong teeth.[2]
The background coloration goes from white to grey, and the body is harmoniously dotted with black spots. The ventral area is usually clearer. The size of the spots is inversely proportional to the size of the fish; thus, a young individual will have large spots and adults of maximal size will have small spots. The juveniles have a yellowish body background coloration with dark stripes. The young adults still have stripes on the ventral area that will turn to spots later, and also some recollection of yellow on the body.
Distribution and habitat
This species is found in tropical and subtropical waters from the Indian Ocean and Red Sea as far as Polynesia, southern Japan, the western, northern and eastern coasts of Australia and Lord Howe Island.[3] It is a relatively uncommon species and lives close to external reef slopes and sheltered lagoons with clear water, but mainly in close proximity to sandy areas, at depths from the surface down to about 58 m (190 ft).[4]
Behavior
Arothron stellatus feeds on benthic invertebrates, sponges, algae, the polyps of corals such as Acropora, crustaceans and mollusks.[2]
This pufferfish is diurnal. It is mainly solitary and defends a territory.[2]
Potential danger
Arothron stellatus contains a highly toxic poison, tetrodotoxin, in its ovaries and to a lesser extent its skin and liver, which protects it from voracious predators. It becomes toxic as it eats bacteria that contain the toxin.[5] To ward off potential enemies, they can inflate their bodies by swallowing air or water.
Taxonomic synonyms
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following synonyms: -[6]
- Arothron aerostaticus (Jenyns, 1842)
- Arothron alboreticulatus (Tanaka, 1908)
- Arothron stellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Chelonodon stellaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (misspelling)
- Diodon asper Cuvier, 1818
- Kanduka michiei Hora, 1925
- Takifugu stellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Tetraodon aerostaticus Jenyns, 1842
- Tetraodon aerostatious Jenyns, 1842 (misspelling)
- Tetraodon alboreticulatus Tanaka, 1908
- Tetraodon calamara Rüppell, 1829
- Tetraodon lagocephalus var. stellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
- Tetraodon punctatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
- Tetraodon stellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
- Tetraodon stellatus Anonymous, 1798
- Tetraodon stellatus Shaw, 1804
- Tetrodon aerostaticus Jenyns, 1842 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon lagocephalus stellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon lagocephalus var. stellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon punctatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon stellatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon stellatus Shaw, 1804 (misspelling)
- Tetrodon stellatus Anonymous, 1798 (misspelling)
References
- ^ http://eol.org/pages/204717/details#size
- ^ a b c Lieske & Myers,Coral reef fishes,Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780691089959
- ^ http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=6526
- ^ http://eol.org/pages/204717/details#habitat
- ^ Noguchi, Tamao; Arakawa, Osamu (2008). "Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication". Marine Drugs. 6 (2): 220–42. doi:10.3390/md20080011. PMID 18728726.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bailly, N. (2013). Arothron stellatus. In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2013) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=219928 on 2013-05-29
