Arthur Dillon (1750–1794)
Arthur Dillon | |
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![]() Painting by Jean-Hilaire Belloc, 1834 | |
Born | 3 September 1750 Braywick, Berkshire, England |
Died | 13 April 1794 Paris, France | (aged 43)
Allegiance | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Rank | General |
Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War French Revolutionary Wars |
Arthur Dillon (1750–1794) was an Irish Catholic aristocrat born in England who inherited the ownership of a regiment that served France under the Ancien Régime during the American Revolutionary War and then the French First Republic during the War of the First Coalition. After serving in political positions during the early years of the revolution, he was executed in Paris as a royalist during the Reign of Terror in 1794.
Birth and origins
[edit]Arthur was born on 3 September 1750 at Bray Wick in Berkshire, England.[1] He was the second son of Henry Dillon and his wife Charlotte Lee. His father was the 11th Viscount Dillon.
Arthur's mother was a daughter of George Lee, 2nd Earl of Lichfield. He had six siblings, who are listed in his father's article.
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Colonel
[edit]On 25 August 1767, at the age of 16, he became colonel of Dillon's Regiment taking over from his father who had been absentee colonel for twenty years from 1747 to 1767 after the death of his uncle Edward at Lauffeld in 1747.
First marriage and children
[edit]At eighteen, Colonel Dillon married a first cousin once removed, Therese-Lucy de Rothe (1751–1782).
Arthur and Thérèse-Lucie had two children:
- George (who died at the age of two)
- Henriette-Lucy, or Lucie (by marriage, Henriette-Lucy, Marquise de La Tour du Pin Gouvernet), a memoiriste of the Revolutionary period and the Napoleonic era.
He was to become the grandfather of Arthur Dillon, also a military officer.
American Revolutionary War
[edit]In 1778 France entered the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) on the American side. Colonel Dillon sailed with his regiment to the Caribbean to campaign against Britain under the command of D'Estaing. In 1779 he and his regiment fought at the Capture of Grenada[3] against British forces under George Macartney. They landed on 2 July, and stormed the Hospital Hill which the British had chosen as the centre of their resistance. Arthur personally led one of the storm parties, his brother Henry led another. Macartney surrendered on 5 July. On 6 July 1779 a British fleet under Admiral John Byron appeared off the coast of the island and the naval engagement of the Battle of Grenada was fought. In September and October 1779 Dillon fought at the Siege of Savannah where he was promoted brigadier. Dillon and his regiment participated in the Invasion of Tobago, the Capture of Sint Eustatius, and the Siege of Brimstone Hill. With the victory at Brimstone Hill, Arthur Dillon was made Military Governor of Saint Kitts. After the Treaty of Paris, he became governor of Tobago.
Second marriage
[edit]His first wife having died, he married a wealthy French Creole widow from Martinique, Laure de Girardin de Montgérald, the Comtesse de la Touche, by whom he had six children, including Élisabeth Françoise 'Fanny' Dillon, later wife of Henri Gatien Bertrand. The Dillon Estate in Martinique produced sugar and later produced Dillon Rum.
Later life, death, and timeline
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_13_-_Dillon_08.jpg/220px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_13_-_Dillon_08.jpg)
He returned to Paris to represent Martinique in the Estates General of 1789 as a democratic, reformist royalist.[citation needed]
Dillon assumed military duties at a very difficult time for noble officers of the old army. On 29 April 1792 his cousin Théobald Dillon was lynched by his own troops after a minor skirmish.[4] After the Battle of Valmy, when Charles Dumouriez returned to the Belgian frontier with the greater part of the army, he detached Dillon with 16,000 troops to form the rump of the Army of the Ardennes around 1 October 1792.[5] Two weeks later Dillon was called to Paris for questioning and was ultimately arrested on 1 July 1793 despite being stoutly defended by his aide-de-camp François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers. He was condemned for alleged participation in a prison conspiracy and executed by guillotine on 13 April 1794. In his final moments he mounted the scaffold shouting, "Vive le roi!" (Long live the king).[6]
Timeline | ||
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Age | Date | Event |
0 | 1750, 3 Sep | Born at Bray Wick in Berkshire, England.[1] |
16 | 1767, 25 Aug | Became colonel and owner of Dillon's regiment. |
37 | 1787, 3 Nov | His father died. |
43 | 1794, 13 April | Died under the guillotine. |
Works
[edit]- Compte-rendu au ministre de la guerre (Paris, 1792) ;
- Exposition des principaux événements qui ont eu le plus d'influence sur la révolution française (Paris, 1792).
See also
[edit]Notes and references
[edit]Notes
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b O'Callaghan 1854, p. 50, footnote. "... the latter [Arthur] at Braywick in Berkshire, in September, 1750."
- ^ La Tour du Pin 1913, pp. 14–15. "Note généalogique sur la Maison des Lords Dillon"
- ^ Jullien de Courcelles 1822, p. 291. "... contribua puissament à la capture de la Grenade ..."
- ^ Phipps 1926, p. 78, line 9. "... on the 29th April, his men broke and fled for Lille, which they re-entered in wild confusion, crying out 'Treason', wounding Dupont, and not only killing their general, Théobald Dillon, but venting their fury on his corpse ..."
- ^ Phipps 1926, p. 135. "This troop was now reinforced to 16000, a strength later increased from garrisons ..."
- ^ Phipps 1926, p. 137, line 27. "Arrested on the 1st July 1793, he was included amongst the victims of the alleged 'conspiration des prisons' and was guillotined on the 13 April 1794, shouting vigorously 'vive le roi', as he mounted the scaffold."
Sources
[edit]- Jullien de Courcelles, Jean Baptiste Pierre (1822). Dictionnaire historique et biographique des généraux français [Historic and Biographic Dictionary of French Generals] (in French). Vol. Tome cinquième. Paris: chez l'auteur. OCLC 1071691485. – Coss to Exc
- La Tour du Pin, Henriette-Lucy, Marquise de (1913). Journal d'une femme de cinquante ans [Diary of a Woman in her Fifties] (in French). Vol. I (7th ed.). Paris: Librairie Chapelot. OCLC 1047408815.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - O'Callaghan, John Cornelius (1854). History of the Irish Brigades in the Service of France. New York: P. O'Shea Publisher. OCLC 1046538374.
- Phipps, Ramsay Weston (1926). The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I. Vol. 1 The Armée du Nord. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 277765127.
Further reading
[edit]- Brizan, Edward (1984). Grenada: Island of Conflict. London: Zed Books. OCLC 40397478.
- Moorehead, Caroline (2009). Dancing to the Precipice: The Life of Lucie de la Tour du Pin, Eyewitness to an Era. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-70117904-5.
- 1750 births
- 1794 deaths
- French generals
- Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
- French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
- English people of Irish descent
- French people of Irish descent
- French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
- People from Maidenhead
- Executed people from Berkshire
- French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
- Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
- Younger sons of viscounts
- Executed military leaders
- People of the War of the First Coalition