Austen Henry Layard

The Right Honourable Sir Austen Henry Layard (pronounced 'laird', not, as now commonly, 'lay-ard') (5 March, 1817 – 5 July, 1894) was a British traveller, archaeologist, cuneiformist, art historian, draughtsman, collector, author and diplomatist, best known as the excavator of Nimrud. He was born in Paris.

The Layards were of Huguenot descent. His father, Henry PJ Layard, of the Ceylon Civil Service, was the son of Charles Peter Layard, dean of Bristol, and grandson of Daniel Peter Layard, the physician. Through his mother, a daughter of Nathaniel Austen, banker, of Ramsgate, he inherited Spanish blood. His uncle was Benjamin Austen, a London solicitor and close friend of Benjamin Disraeli in the 1820s and 1830s.

This strain of cosmopolitanism must have been greatly strengthened by the circumstances of his education. Much of his boyhood was spent in Italy, where he received part of his schooling, and acquired a taste for the fine arts and a love of travel; but he was at school also in England, France and Switzerland. After spending nearly six years in the office of his uncle Benjamin, he was tempted to leave England for Ceylon by the prospect of obtaining an appointment in the civil service, and he started in 1839 with the intention of making an overland journey across Asia.

After wandering for many months, chiefly in Persia, and having abandoned his intention of proceeding to Ceylon, he returned in 1842 to Constantinople, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Stratford Canning, the British ambassador, who employed him in various unofficial diplomatic missions in European Turkey. In 1845, encouraged and assisted by Canning, Layard left Constantinople to make those explorations among the ruins of Assyria with which his name is chiefly associated. This expedition was in fulfilment of a design which he had formed, when, during his former travels in the East, his curiosity had been greatly excited by the ruins of Nimrud on the Tigris, and by the great mound of Kuyunjik, near Mosul, already partly excavated by Paul-Émile Botta.

From a German edition of Austen Layard's A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh.

Layard remained in the neighbourhood of Mosul, carrying on excavations at Kuyunjik and Nimrud, and investigating the condition of various peoples, until 1847; and, returning to England in 1848, published Nineveh and its Remains: with an Account of a Visit to tile Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, or Devil-worshippers; and an Inquiry into the Painters and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians (2 vols., 1848–1849).

To illustrate the antiquities described in this work he published a large folio volume of Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh (1849). After spending a few months in England, and receiving the degree of D.C.L. from the university of Oxford, Layard returned to Constantinople as attaché to the British embassy, and, in August 1849, started on a second expedition, in the course of which he extended his investigations to the ruins of Babylon and the mounds of southern Mesopotamia. His record of this expedition, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, which was illustrated by another folio volume, called A Second Series of the Monuments of Nineveh, was published in 1853. During these expeditions, often in circumstances of great difficulty, Layard despatched to England the splendid specimens which now form the greater part of the collection of Assyrian antiquities in the British Museum.

Apart from the archaeological value of his work in identifying Kuyunjik as the site of Nineveh, and in providing a great mass of materials for scholars to work upon, these two books of Layard's were among the best written books of travel in the language.

Layard now turned to politics. Elected as a Liberal member for Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire in 1852, he was for a few weeks under-secretary for foreign affairs, but afterwards freely criticized the government, especially in connection with army administration. He was present in the Crimea during the war, and was a member of the committee appointed to inquire into the conduct of the expedition. In 1855 he refused from Lord Palmerston an office not connected with foreign affairs, was elected lord rector of Aberdeen university, and on June 15 moved a resolution in the House of Commons (defeated by a large majority) declaring that in public appointments merit had been sacrificed to private influence and an adherence to routine. After being defeated at Aylesbury in 1857, he visited India to investigate the causes of the Mutiny. He unsuccessfully contested York in 1859, but was elected for Southwark in 1860, and from 1861 to 1866 was under-secretary for foreign affairs in the successive administrations of Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell.

In 1866 he was appointed a trustee of the British Museum, and in 1868 chief commissioner of works in W.E. Gladstone's government and a member of the Privy Council. He retired from parliament in 1869, on being sent as envoy extraordinary to Madrid. In 1877 he was appointed by Lord Beaconsfield ambassador at Constantinople, where he remained until Gladstone's return to power in 1880, when he finally retired from public life. In 1878, on the occasion of the Berlin Congress, he received the Grand Cross of the Bath. Layard's political life was somewhat stormy. His manner was brusque, and his advocacy of the causes which he had at heart, though always perfectly sincere, was vehement to the point sometimes of recklessness.

Layard retired to Venice, where he devoted much of his time to collecting pictures of the Venetian school, and to writing on Italian art. On this subject he was a disciple of his friend Giovanni Morelli, whose views he embodied in his revision of Franz Kugler's Handbook of Painting, Italian Schools (1887). He wrote also an introduction to Constance Jocelyn ffoulkes's translation of Morelli's Italian Painters (1892–1893), and edited that part of Murray's Handbook of Rome (1894) which deals with pictures. In 1887 he published, from notes taken at the time, a record of his first journey to the East, entitled Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia. An abbreviation of this work, which as a book of travel is even more delightful than its predecessors, was published in 1894, shortly after the author's death, with a brief introductory notice by Lord Aberdare. Layard also from time to time contributed papers to various learned societies, including the Huguenot Society, of which he was first president. He died in London.

Works

Bibliography

• Layard, A. H. (1848-49). Inquiry into the Painters and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians (vol. 1-2).
• Layard, A. H. (1849). Nineveh and its Remains. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1849). Illustrations of the Monuments of Nineveh.
• Layard, A. H. (1849-53). The Monuments of Nineveh. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1851). Inscriptions in the cuneiform character from Assyrian monuments. London: Harrison and sons.
• Layard, A. H. (1852). A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1853). Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1853). A Second Series of the Monuments of Nineveh. London: John Murray
• Layard, A. H. (1854). The Ninevah Court in the Crystal Palace. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1894). Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia. London: John Murray.
• Layard, A. H. (1903). Autobiography and Letters from his childhood until his appointment as H.M. Ambassador at Madrid. (vol. 1-2) London: John Murray.

Online

• Nineveh and its Remains (vol. 1) (1849)
• Nineveh and its Remains (vol. 2) (1849)
• The Monuments of Nineveh (1849)
• The Monuments of Nineveh (1853)
• A Second Series of the Monuments of Nineveh (1853)
• The Monuments of Nineveh (1849-53)
• Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1853).
• A Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh (1854)
• The Ninevah Court in the Crystal Palace (1854)
• Autobiography and letters from his childhood until his appointment as H.M. Ambassador at Madrid (vol. 1) (1903)
• Autobiography and letters from his childhood until his appointment as H.M. Ambassador at Madrid (vol. 2) (1903)

References and further reading

• Brackman, Arnold C. The Luck of Nineveh: Archaeology's Great Adnventure. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978 (hardcover, ISBN 0-07-007030-X); New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981 (paperback, ISBN 0442282605).
• Jerman, B.R. The Young Disraeli. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960.
• Larsen, Mogens T. The Conquest of Assyria. Routledge. 1996. ISBN 041514356X - the best modern account of Layard.
• Lloyd, Seton. Foundations in the Dust: The Story of Mesopotamian Exploration. London; New York: Thames & Hudson, 1981 (hardcover, ISBN 0-500-05038-4).
• Waterfield, Gordon. Layard of Nineveh. London: John Murray, 1963.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)