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Battle of La Rochelle

Coordinates: 46°10′00″N 1°09′00″W / 46.1667°N 1.1500°W / 46.1667; -1.1500
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Battle of La Rochelle
Part of the Hundred Years' War
The naval battle of La Rochelle, Chronicle of Jean Froissart, 15th Century.
The Naval Battle of La Rochelle, Chronicle of Jean Froissart, 15th Century.
Date22 and 23 June 1372
Location
off La Rochelle
Result Castilian victory[1]
Belligerents
England Castile
Commanders and leaders
Earl of Pembroke Ambrosio Boccanegra
Strength
Between 14 and 57 ships and barges[1][2][3] Between 12 and 53 ships[1][4]
Casualties and losses

Fernández Duro:
48 ships sunk or captured[1]
400 knights and 8,000 soldiers captured[1] Unknown dead or wounded[1]

Sherborne/Tuck:
All ships sunk or captured[1][5]
800 men burnt to death or drowned
Between 160 and 400 knights prisoners[5]		 Unknown. Minor[1][2]

The Battle of La Rochelle was a naval battle fought on 22 and 23 June 1372 between a Castilian fleet commanded by the Castilian Almirant Ambrosio Boccanegra and an English convoy commanded by John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The Castilian fleet had been sent to attack the English at La Rochelle, which was being besieged by French forces. Besides Boccanegra, other Castilian commanders were Cabeza de Vaca, Fernando de Peón and Ruy Díaz de Rojas.

Pembroke had been dispatched to the town with a small retinue of 160 soldiers and instructions to recruit an army of 3,000 soldiers around Aquitaine.[6] The strength of the fleet is estimated as between the 12 galleys given by the Castilian chronicler and naval captain López de Ayala and the 40 sailing ships and 13 barges mentioned by the French chronicler Jean Froissart. Probably it consisted of 22 ships, mainly galleys and some "naos" or sailing ships. The English convoy probably consisted of 32 vessels and 17 small barges of about 50 tons.[7][8] To justify the English defeat, the pro-English chronicler Jean Froissart says that only three ships were warships, but it's hard to believe that a fighter escort so small would be sent to defend the convoy.

The Castilian victory was complete and the entire convoy was captured. On his return to the Iberian Peninsula, Boccanegra seized four additional English ships. This defeat undermined English seaborne trade and supplies and threatened their Gascon possessions.

Background

Edward III of England. Probably a 16th-century interpretation.

In 1372 the English monarch Edward III planned an important campaign in Aquitaine under the newly appointed lieutenant of the Duchy, the Earl of Pembroke.[9] He contracted to serve a year in the duchy with a retinue of 24 knights 55 squires and 80 archers besides another companies led by Sir Hugh Calveley and Sir John Devereux, who finally did not serve or did not appear.[10] Pembroke received instructions to recruit a host of 500 knight, 1,500 squires and 1,500 archers after his arrival in France.[10] One of Edward's clerks, John Wilton, was appointed to accompany the Earl with a large amount of money to pay the troops.[10]

The Earl of Pembroke, his retinue and Wilton embarked at Plymouth aboard a transport fleet which was unprepared for serious engagement.[10] The Castilian chronicler Pero López de Ayala estimated that this fleet had 36 ships,whereas the chronicler of the French court estimated it to be 35.[2] Jean Froissart, in one of his two descriptions of the battle, put the English force on 'perhaps' 14 ships. A fleet of 20 vessels is considered a creditable force.[2] As most of them were small transports, Sir Philip Courtenay, the Admiral of the West, was detached to escort them with 3 ships with large tonnage and towers utilizable by archers.[2]

The English rule in Aquitaine was by then under threat.[11] Since 1370 large parts of the region had fallen under French rule and in 1372 Bertrand du Guesclin lay siege at La Rochelle. To respond to the demands of the Franco-Castilian alliance of 1368,[12] the king of Castile, Henry II of Trastámara, dispatched a fleet to Aquitaine under Ambrosio Boccanegra, who was seconded by Cabeza de Vaca, Fernando de Peón and Rui Díaz de Rojas. The size of this fleet is also uncertain.[1] According to López de Ayala, it was composed of 12 galleys. Froissart, in his first relation, mentioned 40 sailing ships and 13 barges, but later reduced this numbers to 13 galleys. Quatre Premiers Valois and Chronique des Pays-Bas mention respectively 20 and 22 galleys.[4]

Battle

The Battle of La Rochelle. Miniature from a 15th-century chronicle.

On 21 June the English convoy arrived at La Rochelle and the battle began as Pembroke's ships approached the harbour.[4] This lay at the head of an inlet which was partially unnavigable at low water. The first Castilian attacks met strong resistance.[4] The English, despite the inferiority of their numbers, defended themselves well. At dusk, when the tide rose, the two fleets separated. Though they had lost two or four vessels, according to Froissart, the English were not yet defeated.[4] Pembroke then withdrew some way from land, while Boccanegra anchored in front of La Rochelle. The Chronicle Quatre Premiers Valois, unlike López de Ayala and Froissart, implies that only some skirmishes took place on the first day, as Boccanegra would have ordered his galleys to withdraw, reserving them for the main action.[4] According to this chronicle, the anchoring sites were reversed: the English off the town and the Castilians on the open sea.[4]

Froissart described a discussion between Pembroke and his men during the night of 21–22 June regarding how to escape the trap.[5] An attempt to escape under the cover of the night was dismissed due to the fear of the Castilian galleys, as well as another to enter La Rochelle because of the low draft of the passage.[5] In the end, the low tide left the English ships aground. Castilian galleys could maneuver freely in shallow water. That gave them a decisive tactical advantage. When the fight resumed on the morning of the 22nd, the Castilians managed to set fire to some of them by spraying oil on their decks and rigging and then igniting it with flaming arrows.[5] Many of the English were killed or burned alive, while other surrendered, among them Pembroke. The Spanish naval historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro claims that the English prisoners amounted to 400 knights and 8,000 soldiers, without counting the slain.[13] Estimates in English chronicles speak of about 1,500 casualties, 800 deaths and between 160 and 400 prisoners.[5] The whole fleet was destroyed or captured and £12,000 fell into Castilian hands. The English defeat appeared inevitable because of the major inequality in strength.[5]

Aftermath

The battle of La Rochelle was the first important English naval defeat of the Hundred Years' War.[5] Its effect upon the course of the war was significant: La Rochelle was lost on 7 September. Its capture was followed during the second half of the year by nearly all of Poitou, Angoumois and Saintonge, which Bertrand du Guesclin cleared of English garrisons.[14] Some authors claim that the battle cost England its naval supremacy along the French coast,[15] but others disagree, though asserting that England's naval policy had become misguided.[16] The projected resources to support John of Gaunt's claims to the Castilian throne were largely suspended, while a great expedition under Edward III himself had to be suspended because of contrary winds.

The English needed a year to rebuild their fleet through the efforts of fourteen different towns.[17] In April 1373 a powerful force under William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, set sail for Portugal. It was commanded by Admirals Neville and Courtenay, and divided in two divisions, the first consisting of 15 ships and 9 barges, and the second, 12 ships and 9 barges, in all 44 fighting vessels.[17] Other ships and barges joined the large concentration and, by July, Salisbury had 56 ships crewed by 2,500 sailors and an army of 2,600 soldiers.[17] This campaign of 1373 was successful, seeing, amongst other events, the burning of a Castilian merchant convoy at Saint-Malo.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fernández Duro 1894, p. 130
  2. ^ a b c d e Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 42
  3. ^ Hill/Ranft11 2002, p. 11
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 43
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 44
  6. ^ Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 41
  7. ^ Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, edic. Siméon Luce (París, 1861), págs. 232-234.
  8. ^ Recueil des Chroniques de Flandre. Corpus Chronicorum Flandriae. edic. Joseph Jean De Smet (Bruselas, 1856), pág. 259.
  9. ^ Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 16
  10. ^ a b c d Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 17
  11. ^ Harriss 2006, p. 410
  12. ^ Fernández Duro 1894, p. 129
  13. ^ Fernández Duro 1894, p. 132
  14. ^ Harriss 2006, p. 414
  15. ^ Villalon/Kagan 2005, p. XXXVI
  16. ^ a b Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 50
  17. ^ a b c Sherborne/Tuck 1994, p. 49

Bibliography

  • Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1894). La marina de Castilla desde su origen y pugna con la de Inglaterra hasta la refundición en la Armada española (in Spanish). Madrid: El. Progreso editoriral. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Harriss, Gerald (2006). Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921119-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hill, J.R./Ranft, Bryant (2002). The Oxford illustrated history of the Royal Navy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860527-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Sherborne, J. W./Tuck, Anthony (1994). War, politics, and culture in fourteenth-century England. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 1-85285-086-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay Donald J. (2005). The Hundred Years War: a wider focus. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13969-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

46°10′00″N 1°09′00″W / 46.1667°N 1.1500°W / 46.1667; -1.1500

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