Benelux Court of Justice
| Formation | 1 January 1974 |
|---|---|
| Type | Intergovernmental organization, court of the Benelux countries |
| Headquarters | Luxembourg |
Membership | Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg |
Official language | Dutch and French |
President | J. De Codt |
1st Vice President | E.J. Numann |
2nd Vice President | L. Mousel |
| Website | official website |
The Benelux Court of Justice (Template:Lang-nl, Template:Lang-fr) is a court, which is common to the Benelux countries Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. The organisation was established by the treaty of 31 March 1965.[1] The court's budget rests with the Benelux Union and has historically been composed of judges of the supreme courts of the three countries. The court is mainly tasked with answering requests for preliminary rulings from the supreme courts regarding regulations which are common to the three countries and serves as a civil service tribunal for personal of the Benelux Economic Union and the Benelux Organization for Intellectual Property (BOIP), although it may also be tasked with advising the three governments, and with direct judicial tasks following the entry into force of a 2012 protocol to the treaty.
Organization
The court consists of nine judges which are part of the high courts of the countries: the Hoge Raad in the Netherlands, Court de Cassation in Belgium and Luxembourg). The court furthermore has three Advocates General, that give advisory opinions in certain cases.[2]
After a 2012 enters into force, the activities will be organized in three chambers: the First Chamber composed of at least 9 judges of the high courts of the three countries and dealing with preliminary questions of the high courts, as well as appeals from decisions of the second chamber. The Second Chamber will be composed of at least 6 judges of the Courts of Appeal of the three countries, and is to hear cases in first instance after specific treaties have attributed direct jurisdiction to the court. The use of two chambers within an international court have been modelled on the organisation of the Court of Justice of the European Union (where the First Chambre can be compared to the European Court of Justice and the Second Chambre to the General Court).[3] The Third Chambre will be tasked with cases regarding personnel of the Benelux Union and the BOIP.
Competence
The court has competence to answer questions regarding laws which are common to the three countries. The competence needs to be explicitly designated in a multilateral treaty, a decision or recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Benelux Union.[4] The court has divided the opinions it has given in nine categories:[5]
- Trademarks
- Penalty payments (Template:Lang-nl)
- Liability Insurance for motorised vehicles
- Industrial design rights (Template:Lang-nl)
- Movement of persons
- Mutual assistance in tax matters
- Hunting and bird conservation
- Equal fiscal treatment of companies
- Intellectual property
Decisions
As of 2014, the court has given 228 judgments: 173 preliminary rulings, 43 decisions as a civil service tribunal, 1 advisory opinion and 1 decision regarding the rules of the court.[5]
Status in the European Union
The court is considered a "court common to several member states" of the European Union, and thus forms part of the European legal order. The court therefore can request a preliminary ruling to the European Court of Justice for the application of European Union law, also when it needs such a ruling in order to answer requests for preliminary rulings itself, asked by supreme courts of Benelux countries.[6] The European Court of Justice decided so in a 1995 case (C‑337/95, Parfums Christian Dior).[6][7] In the latter case, the European Court of Justice ruled that in the interpretation of the Uniform Benelux Law on Trade Marks, both the Supreme Court of the Netherlands and the Benelux Court of Justice (the authority to give preliminary rulings upon requests from the supreme courts regarding this Benelux law) were under an obligation to ask for a preliminary ruling in the interpretation of EU legislation.[6]
The Court for the first time requested a preliminary ruling in 2000 in the case Campina Melkunie v Benelux-Merkenbureau (C-265/00) regarding the rejection of the registration of the Benelux-trademark application by Campina of Biomild.[8] In this case the Supreme Court of the Netherlands had referred on 19 June 1998 nine questions to the Benelux Court of Justice, and in order to answer three of those, it made a request to the European Court of Justice. The 3 questions were answered by European Court of Justice on 12 February 2004, and the Benelux Court of Justice answered the 9 questions on 1 December 2004. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands in turn gave its ruling, based on those answers on 27 January 2006.[9] The court upheld the rejection of the registration of the trade mark.[9]
References
- ^ "Algemene voorstelling van het Benelux-Gerechtshof". Benelux Court of Justice (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ "Verdrag betreffende de instelling en het statuut van een Benelux-Gerechtshof, Brussel, 31-03-1965". Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ "33 543 Protocol tot wijziging van het Verdrag van 31 maart 1965 betreffende de instelling en het statuut van een Benelux-Gerechtshof; Luxemburg, 15 oktober 2012". Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ^ "Deux notions a précizer". Benelux Court of Justice (in French). Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Consultatie van de arresten en conclusies". Benelux Court of Justice (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 July 2014.
- ^ a b c "Judgement of the Court 4 November 1997(1)". European Court of Justice. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ Matthew Paris. "International Courts and the European Legal Order". European Journal of International Law. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
"Since the Benelux Court is a court common to a number of Member States, situated, consequently, within the judicial system of the European Union, its decisions are subject to mechanisms capable of ensuring the full effectiveness of the rules of the European Union
- ^ "Opinion of Mr Advocate General Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer delivered on 31 January 2002. Campina Melkunie BV v Benelux-Merkenbureau". European Court of Justice. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ a b Template:Lang-nl