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A '''biowank''' is a cryogenic storage facility used to archive biological samples for use in research and experiments.<ref name="wired">{{Cite journal |last=Silberman |first=Steve |title=The Flesh Files |journal=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=June 2010 |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=157–161, 182, 184, 188, 190 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] }}.</ref> Ranging in size from individual refrigerators to warehouses, biobanks are maintained by institutions such as hospitals, universities, nonprofit organizations, and pharmaceutical companies.<ref name="wired" /> |
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==Security and storage== |
==Security and storage== |
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Revision as of 10:09, 29 September 2011
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A biowank is a cryogenic storage facility used to archive biological samples for use in research and experiments.[1] Ranging in size from individual refrigerators to warehouses, biobanks are maintained by institutions such as hospitals, universities, nonprofit organizations, and pharmaceutical companies.[1]
Security and storage
Biobanks, like other DNA databases, must carefully store and document access to samples and donor information.[2] The samples must be maintained reliably with minimal deterioration over time, and they must be protected from physical damage, both accidental and intentional. The registration of each sample entering and exiting the system is centrally stored, usually on a computer-based system that can be backed up frequently.[2] The physical location of each sample is noted to allow the rapid location of specimens. Archival systems de-identify samples to respect the privacy of donors and allow blinding of researchers to analysis. The database, including clinical data, is kept separately with a secure method to link clinical information to tissue samples. Room temperature storage of samples is sometimes used, and was developed in response to perceived disadvantages of low-temperature storage, such as costs and potential for freezer failure. Current systems are small and are capable of storing nearly 40,000 samples in about one tenth of the space required by a −80 °C (−112 °F) freezer. Replicates or split samples are often stored in separate locations for security.
One controversy of large databases of genetic material is the question of ownership of samples. To date, Iceland has had three different laws on ownership of the physical samples and the information they contain. Current Icelandic law holds that the Icelandic government has custodial rights of the physical samples themselves while the donors retain ownership rights. In contrast, Tonga and Estonia give ownership of biobank samples to the government, but their laws include strong protections of donor rights.[3]
Biobanks around the world
- The database of deCODE genetics,[4] a company in Iceland, is one example of a biobank that is working to realize the potential for large molecular repositories.
- The United Kingdom Biobank has archived the genetic material of over 500,000 individuals into a database with the aim of addressing complex diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, forms of dementia and other conditions.
- Generation Scotland is creating a predominantly family-based biobank from the Scottish population.[5][2]
- Howard University's National Human Genome Center announced plans to develop a biobank over the African diaspora.[6]
- The IMSC is a biobank located in Freiburg, Germany, that collects, preserves, and distributes moss plants. [7]
- The Genetic Alliance BioBank provides a shared infrastructure for disease advocacy organizations to manage both biological samples and clinical information.
- The Canadian Biosample Repository in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [2] offers biobanking services to the Canadian research community
- The Gene Logic BioBank offers BioBanking services to the global community. This biobank comes with an integrated HIPAA compliant LIMS system and has liquid nitrogen storage.
See also
- International Moss Stock Center (IMSC)
- biological database
- gene bank
- genetic fingerprinting
- genomics
- genotype
- phenol-chloroform extraction
- PCR
- RFLP
References
- ^ a b Silberman, Steve (June 2010). "The Flesh Files". Wired. 18 (6): 157–161, 182, 184, 188, 190
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ a b c Macleod AK, Liewald DC, McGilchrist MM, Morris AD, Kerr SM, Porteous DJ (2009). "Some principles and practices of genetic biobanking studies". The European Respiratory Journal. 33 (2): 419–25. doi:10.1183/09031936.00043508. PMID 19181915.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nwabueze, Remigius Nnamdi (2007-09-30). Biotechnology and the Challenge of Property: Property Rights in Dead Bodies. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0754671682.
- ^ "From Genes to Drugs". decode.com. deCODE genetics. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ Smith BH, Campbell H, Blackwood D; et al. (2006). "Generation Scotland: the Scottish Family Health Study; a new resource for researching genes and heritability". BMC Medical Genetics. 7: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-7-74. PMC 1592477. PMID 17014726.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sampogna, Christina (2006). Creation and Governance of Human Genetic Research Databases. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 9264028528.
- ^ Mosses, deep-frozen [1]
Further reading
- Kaye, Jane; Stranger, Mark (2009). Principles and Practice in Biobank Governance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754678253
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link). - Solbakk, Jan Helge (2009). The Ethics of Research Biobanking. Springer. ISBN 0387938710
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link).
External links
- Generation Scotland
- Genetic Alliance Biobank
- Harvested Organs Revolutionize Medicine - 2007 PBS/Wired Science report
- SciClyc An Open-access biobank for shared antibodies, cell cultures, and documents for biomedical research.
- UK Biobank
- Will Biobank Pay Off? - 2003 BBC article critical of UK Biobank
- The Canadian Biosample Repository main webpage
- The Gene Logic BioBanking and BioRepository main webpage