Blue willow beetle
| Blue willow beetle | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Subfamily: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | P. vulgatissima
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phratora vulgatissima | |
Description
The blue willow beetle (Phratora vulgatissima), formerly Phyllodecta vulgatissima, is a herbivourous beetle of the family Chrysomelidae. It is black with metallic shine in nuances individually varying from a more common blue to a rarer bronze. It is distinguished from P. vitellinae by the latter more commonly displaying bronze nuances. The larvae undergo three instar stages from hatching to pupation.[1]
Ecology
The blue willow beetle is found on aspen and various willow (Salix) species in fens, carrs and on river banks, but also often in willow short rotation coppice in agricultural landscapes. It often aggregates on host plants.[2] On Salix cinerea, it prefers and is more common on female than male trees despite higher egg predation exerted by Anthocorisnemorum on the former.[3] It is univoltine in Sweden[1] but can produce multiple generations per year in other parts of its distribution range. Proliferation of larvae and egg production varies with vegetation.[4] It overwinters under lichens on trees and under tree bark.[5] Predators of blue willow beetle eggs are common flowerbug (Anthocoris nemorum) and Orthotylus marginalis, and the adult is a vessel for larval development for the parasitoid wasp Perilitus brevicollis.
The blue willow leaf beetle as a pest
In Europe, the blue willow beetle is the most severe herbivore on Willows.[6] For plantations of common osier (Salix viminalis), herbivory reducing biomass production by up to 40% has been estimated .[7] It is susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis and also Spinosad when treatment is applied to affected plants[citation needed].
References
- ^ a b Torp, Mikaela; Lehrman, Anna; Stenberg, Johan A.; Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta; Björkman, Christer (2013-03-01). "Performance of an Herbivorous Leaf Beetle (Phratora vulgatissima) on Salix F2 Hybrids: the Importance of Phenolics". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 39 (4): 516–524. doi:10.1007/s10886-013-0266-3. ISSN 0098-0331.
- ^ Peacock, L.; Herrick, S.; Brain, P. (1999-11-01). "Spatio-temporal dynamics of willow beetle (Phratora vulgatissima) in short-rotation coppice willows grown as monocultures or a genetically diverse mixture". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 1 (4): 287–296. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.1999.00039.x. ISSN 1461-9563.
- ^ Kabir, Faisal MD; Moritz, Kim K; Stenberg, Johan A (2015-04-19). "Plant-sex-biased tritrophic interactions on dioecious willow". Ecosphere. doi:10.1890/ES14-00356.1. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
- ^ L. Peacock, J. Harris & S. Powers (2004). "Effects of host variety on blue willow beetle Phratora vulgatissima performance". Annals of Applied Biology. 144 (1): 45–52. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00315.x.
- ^ Kendall, D A (1996). "Phenology and population dynamics of willow beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in short rotation coppice willows at Long Ashton". Biofuels study.
- ^ J. Stenberg, A. Lehrman, C. Björkman (2010). "Uncoupling direct and indirect plant defences: Novel opportunities for improving crop security in willow plantations". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 139: 528–533. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.013.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ C. Björkman, S. Höglund, K. Eklund & S. Larsson (2000). "Effects of leaf beetle damage on stem wood production in coppicing willow". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2: 131–139. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2000.00058.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
.jpg){kind=small} | This leaf beetle article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |