Tea Importation Act of 1897
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| Long title | An Act to prevent the importation of impure and unwholesome tea. |
|---|---|
| Enacted by | the 54th United States Congress |
| Effective | May 1, 1897 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 54–358 |
| Statutes at Large | 29 Stat. 604 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs |
| U.S.C. sections created | 21 U.S.C. ch. 2 § 41 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
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Tea Importation Act of 1897 was a United States public law forbidding the import of tea into the United States with excessive levels of fluoride, heavy metals, oxalate, and pesticides. The Act of Congress established a uniform standard of purity and quality while attempting to achieve the optimal health effects of tea and phenolic content in tea.[citation needed] The statute declared it unlawful to import into the United States "any merchandise as tea which is inferior in purity, quality, and fitness for consumption to the standards kept at customhouses..."[1] For nearly a century, Congress provided that no imported tea could enter the United States unless federal tea-tasters decided that it measured up to preselected standard samples. The law restricted the International trade of camellia sinensis.[citation needed]
The 1897 statute superseded the Spurious Tea Importation Act of 1883.[2][3]
The act was on the books for 99 years before its repeal in 1996.[4] After repeal, the Food and Drug Administration still regulates the quality of tea imported to the United States under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.[1]
Provisions of the Act
[edit]The United States statute had twelve sections and authorized the United States Secretary of the Treasury to implement the law.
As codified just before its repeal, the Act instructed the Secretary of Health and Human Services each year "to appoint a board, to consist of seven members, each of whom shall be an expert in teas, and who shall prepare and submit to him standard samples of tea."[5] In accordance with the board of experts' recommendations, the Secretary was instructed to "fix and establish uniform standards of purity, quality, and fitness for consumption of all kinds of teas imported unto the United States" and to deposit samples of these standards in the customhouses of various ports of entry. Tea importers were required to submit samples of their product for comparison with the standard samples kept at the customhouses. The imported samples were then tested "by a duly qualified examiner," who would test "the purity, quality, and fitness for consumption of the... [imported tea samples] according to the usages and customs of the tea trade, including the testing of an infusion of the same in boiling water and, if necessary, chemical analysis."[citation needed]
Board of Tea Appeals
[edit]The Board of Tea Appeals was a United States federal agency under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration. From its establishment in 1897 until its abolishment in 1996, it adjudicated the claims of tea importers whose products were denied entry into the United States by federal tea-tasters. The Board was authorized to permit delivery or order destruction or exportation of substandard teas.[6]
Amendment and Repeal of 1897 Act
[edit]The Tea Importation Act of 1908 amended the 1897 public law permitting the import of tea siftings, tea sweepings, or tea waste for the extraction of caffeine or theine, and other chemical products.[7] The 1897 Act was repealed with the United States 104th Congressional session enactment of the Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act of 1996.[8][9]
Sections of the act
[edit]The twelve sections of the original act:
- 21 U.S.C. § 1 ~ Prohibit the unlawful importation of substandard tea
- 21 U.S.C. § 2 ~ Establishment of a board of experts on tea
- 21 U.S.C. § 3 ~ Establishment of tea purity standards
- 21 U.S.C. § 4 ~ Bonds of exporters, examination of imported tea, and importation at ports without examiners
- 21 U.S.C. § 5 ~ Delivery permits, reexamination, retention of substandard tea
- 21 U.S.C. § 6 ~ Referral of disputes to Board of Tea Appeals to permit delivery, order destruction, or exportation of substandard tea
- 21 U.S.C. § 7 ~ Examiners and examination according to usage of trade
- 21 U.S.C. § 8 ~ Reexaminations including findings by examiner and assistance of experts
- 21 U.S.C. § 9 ~ Reimporting rejected tea and forfeitures for violation of provisions
- 21 U.S.C. § 10 ~ Issuance of regulations
- 21 U.S.C. § 11 ~ Tea on shipboard subject to former 1883 law
- 21 U.S.C. § 12 ~ Repeal of 1883 Act
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b 21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq
- ^ "Spurious Tea Importation Act of 1883 ~ P.L. 47-64" (PDF). 22 Stat. 451 ~ House Bill 7486. USLaw.Link. March 2, 1883.
- ^ "Spurious Tea Importation Act of 1883 ~ House Bill 7486". P.L. 47-64 ~ 22 Stat. 451. National Archives and Records Administration. March 2, 1883.
- ^ Act of March 2, 1897, ch. 358, 29 Stat. 604 (codified as amended at 21 U.S.C. Sec. 41-50 (1994))
- ^ 21 U.S.C. Sec. 42
- ^ Office of the Law Revision Counsel Ch 2 Tea Archived September 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Tea Importation Act of 1908 ~ P.L. 60-117" (PDF). 35 Stat. 163 ~ Senate Bill 514. USLaw.Link. May 16, 1908.
- ^ "Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act of 1996 ~ P.L. 104-128" (PDF). 110 Stat. 1198 ~ House Bill 2969. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 9, 1996.
- ^ "H.R. 2969 ~ Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act of 1996". P.L. 104-128 ~ 110 Stat. 1198. Congress.gov. February 23, 1996.
Bibliography
[edit]- "A Brief History of Tea: The Rise and Fall of the Tea Importation Act" by Patricia JB DeWitt [1]
- Federal Administrative Law by Gary Lawson
External links
[edit]- "Decision of Comptroller General - 6 Comp. Gen. 140 ~ Boards and Commissions - Tea Inspectors". U.S. GAO ~ A-13436. U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 21, 1926.
- "The Role of the U.S. Tea Examiner Office in Procurement of Tea by the Department of Defense" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ NSIAD-84-126. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 22, 1984.
- DeWitt, Karen (September 26, 1995). "Tea, but No Sympathy, for the Tasters". The New York Times.
- "This Week In FDA History - The Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act of 1996". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. April 9, 1996.
- DeWitt, Patricia (May 6, 1998). "A Brief History of Tea: The Rise and Fall of the Tea Importation Act" (PDF). DASH ~ Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard. Harvard University.
- "Tempest in a Teapot: Tea & Politics & Health ~ Board of Tea Experts". History of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. August 13, 2004.