Bombardment of Tripoli (1728)
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2023) |
| Bombardment of Tripoli (1728) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) The bombardment of Tripoli in 1728 by the French squadron of Grandpré. | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 France |
 Tripolitania | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Étienne Nicolas de Grandpré |
Ahmed Karamanli | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
The Bombardment of Tripoli is a military operation of the Kingdom of France which took place between July 20 and July 27, 1728 against the current city of Tripoli, in Libya.[1]
After appearing before Tunis which immediately submitted, a French fleet commanded by the squad leader Étienne Nicolas de Grandpré presents himself in front of Tripoli of Barbary Coast. Faced with the Pasha's refusal to submit in turn, the French fleet bombarded the city for six nights, causing great destruction. However, this French victory was not exploited due to the lack of troops landing on land.[2]
Background[edit]
In 1685, an expedition had already taken place against Tunis and Tripoli; its object was then to force these two cities to respect the commitments concluded with the King by making them feel the superiority of the French forces.
After the peace treaties they had concluded with Austria, the Barbary Pirate of Tripoli and Tunis left the Italian commercial vessels in relative tranquility and turned towards French ships, in contravention of the terms of the treaty of 1720. In 1725 and 1727, French squadrons made two naval demonstrations, but the Tripolitan pasha was known for not keeping his word. It was the same with Tunis.[1]
Reynaud, a French naval officer, who had been captive in Tunis and had been assigned to the service of the Bey of Tunis, managed to escape and return to France . Learning that the government was preparing to act, he sent from Toulon on September 23, 1727, a plan to bombard the Tunisian ports: Bizerte, Porto Farina, Sousse and Sfax .[2]
The Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux de Maurepas, Secretary of State of the Navy orders the arming of a new squadron of which he entrusts command to the squad commander, Étienne Nicolas de Grandpré.[3]
The Bombardment[edit]
During negotiations with Ahmed Karamanli, the bey in office, via the French consul, no agreement was found. Mr. de Grandpré offered to send one of his officers ashore in exchange for holding the bey's son hostage, but this offer was rejected. The bey responded arrogantly, saying that they were not afraid of bombs and had no money to give, and were ready for war.[3]
Despite this, Mr. de Grandpré was reluctant to use force, but military movements intensified on land, on the ramparts and in the forts, and the city prepared for combat. With the encouragement of his officers and favorable conditions, Mr. de Grandpré finally decided to bombard the city. For a week, bombs fired into the city every night, causing significant damage.[4]
However, bomb reserves were running low, ships had no troops to disembark, and wind became problematic off a rocky coast. The squadron therefore had to return to France with the haughty response of the corsairs, leaving Tripoli almost destroyed but its inhabitants undefeated.[4][5]
Notes[edit]
- ^ of), Louis Alexander Mountbatten Milford Haven (1st Marquis (1921). Naval Medals ... J. Murray.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Weiss, Gillian Lee (2002). Back from Barbary : Captivity, Redemption and French Identity in the Seventeenth-and Eighteenth-century Mediterranean. Stanford University.
- ^ Panzac, Daniel (2005). The Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend, 1800-1820. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12594-0.
- ^ The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for ... Greeley & McElrath. 1911.
- ^ Son, Spink & (1913). The Numismatic Circular and Catalogue of Coins, Tokens, Commemorative & War Medals, Books & Cabinets. Spink & Son.
References[edit]
- Albert Vandal (1887). A French embassy in the Orient under Louis XV: the mission of the Marquis de Villeneuve 1728-1741. p. 96.
- Nora Lafi (2002). A town in the Maghreb between the old regime and Ottoman reforms: genesis of municipal institutions in Tripoli Barbary, 1795-1911. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-747-52616 6.
- Michel Vergé-Franceschi. Dictionary of Maritime History. 2002.
- Monaque Rémi (2016). A history of the French navy. editions Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03715-4.
- Georges Lacour-Gayet (1902). The Military Navy of France under the reign of Louis XV. Honoré Champion publisher.