Borkum

Borkum
Municipality
Borkum photographed from a lighthouse
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Borkum within Leer district
Borkum Borkum
Coordinates: 53°35′17″N 06°40′11″E
Country	Germany
State	Lower Saxony
District	Leer
Government
• Mayor	Georg Lübben (Ind.)
Area
• Total	30.74 km2 (11.87 sq mi)
Elevation	6 m (20 ft)
Population  (2022-12-31)
• Total	5,171
• Density	170/km2 (440/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes	26757
Dialling codes	+49 22
Vehicle registration	LER
Website	www.stadt-borkum.de

Borkum is an island and a municipality in the Leer District in Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany. It is situated east of Rottumeroog and west of Juist.

Geography

Island location (left)

Island map

Borkum is bordered to the west by the Westerems strait (which forms the border with the Netherlands), to the east by the Osterems strait, to the north by the North Sea, and to the south by the Wadden Sea. It is the largest and westernmost of the East Frisian Islands in the North Sea, due north of the Dutch province of Groningen.

The island was formed in 1863 by two previously separate islands which were still separated by a shallow water. The seam between the former eastern and western parts is called Tüskendör ("through in between").

History

Mentioned as Burchana fabaria (island of beans) by both Strabo and Pliny the elder, Borkum by the time of Charlemagne was part of a larger island called Bant, which consisted of the present day islands of Borkum, Juist, and the western part of Norderney.

In 1484, Bant passed to the Earls of East Frisia, who developed trade, and the island became known as a centre of piracy and whaling. By 1781, violent storms in the 18th century divided Bant into three islands. As whaling decreased, the inhabitants became impoverished, and many left, with the island's population falling from 852 in 1776 to 406 by 1811. The first tourists arrived on the island in 1834, and the local economy improved as a tourist resort.

In Mexico as I saw it, published by Thomas Nelson, Mrs Alec Tweedie, writing in 1911 about a trip of 1900 to Mexico, compares the brick roads of Monterrey with those of Borkum, "the one spot on earth from which Jews are banished". This had to do with the aggressive and successful campaign of German tourists to keep Borkum free from Jewish visitors, as celebrated in the antisemitic "Borkum-Lied".

In 1910, British officers Captain Bernard Frederick Trench and Lieutenant Vivian H. Brandon were imprisoned for espionage for photographing the military installations on the island.

On 19 and 20 December 1934, Wernher von Braun launched "Max" and "Moritz", the two prototypes of the A2-rocket.

The island was the site of Nazi war crimes later prosecuted in the Borkum Island war crimes trial.

Transport

The island is partially car-free. Off-season, driving by car is permitted everywhere, otherwise there are car-free zones. The only town on the island is also called Borkum. There is an airfield in the Tüskendör area. Borkum is served by ferries from Emden, Germany and Eemshaven, the Netherlands. Passengers get a free train ride between the harbour and the town of Borkum.

See also

• List of ferry boats of the East Frisian Islands

External links

• "Borkum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911.
• Official site Template:De icon
• Web-Directory with the topic Borkum Template:De icon
• Web-Directory with the topic Borkum's summer residence Template:De icon