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Borna (duke)

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Borna
Duke of Dalmatia (See Titles-section)
Monument to Borna in Otočac
Reignc. 810–821
SuccessorVladislav
DiedBetween January and October 821[1]

Borna was the Duke (dux, Slavic knez) of Dalmatia, a vassal of the Frankish Empire, mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals in entries regarding 818–821. His titles were "Duke of the Guduscani" in 818; "Duke of Dalmatia" in 819; "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" in 821. Historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia", although no contemporary sources name him as such. His reign has been placed in ca. 810 to 821.

History

Map showing imperial boundaries in 814, with "Croatia" and "Dalmatia" as tributary to Charlemagne.

Borna is documented in the Royal Frankish Annals (Annales regni Francorum). He is first mentioned regarding a 818 meeting at Herstal of Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious with envoys of the Obotrites, Borna (duke of the Guduscani), and of the Timociani, who had recently revolted against the Bulgars and switched sides to the Franks, and also Ljudevit (duke of Lower Pannonia), the commander of the March of Friuli.[2] Historiography predominantly treats the Guduscani as a tribe in Lika, along the river Gacka.

In July 819, another Frankish assembly was held at Ingelheim, and because of Ljudevit's rebellion against the Franks, Frankish troops were sent from Italy to Pannonia, but returned without accomplishment.[3] Ljudevit sent envoys to the Franks with conditions that were not accepted by the Frankish emperor; Ljudevit continued the rebellion and sent envoys to neighbouring tribes to join him, managing to win over the Timociani who had initially submitted to the Franks.[3] A small Frankish army clashed with Ljudevit's army in Carinthia, destroyed much of it and drove it out.[4] Borna, now the "Duke of Dalmatia", with a large army met Ljudevit's advancing army on the Kupa river.[5] The Guduscani deserted Borna at the first encounter, but he fled safely with his bodyguard.[5] During this battle, Dragomuž (Dragomosus), Ljudevit's father-in-law who had joined Borna with the outbreak of the rebellion, fell.[5] Borna conquered the Guduscani again after they had returned home.[5] In December, Ljudevit used the opportunity to attack Dalmatia with a large army, ravaging the country.[5] Borna attacked Ljudevit with crack troops, after storing as much as he could in his castles, seeing that he was no match for him.[5] Worn down, attacked in the rear and flank, with heavy losses, Ljudevit was forced to retreat from Borna's territory.[5] Ljudevit had 3,000 lost soldiers, and Borna seized more than 300 horses, and spoils of all kinds, then informed the Frankish emperor through his envoys of this.[5]

In January 820 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.[5] It was decided that Ljudevit's rebellion be quelled with three armies from three directions.[5] Borna offered his opinions on the operation, first through envoys and then in person.[6] In springtime, the three armies were dispatched, the first from Italy through the Noric Alps, the second through Carinthia, the third from Bavaria through Upper Pannonia.[6] The first and third moved slowly, one hindered by enemies and the other by the long route, while the second crossed the Drava, successfully overcoming three enemy encounters, moving fast.[6] The armies united and ravaged the land, and returned home without significant losses, while Ljudevit had stayed safe in a mountainous castle.[6] Carniola, on the border with Friuli, and the Carinthians that had defected from the Franks to Ljudevit, surrendered to the Franks.[6]

In February 821 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.[7] War against Ljudevit was planned, with three armies to ravage lands of traitors.[7] Meanwhile, Borna, now mentioned as the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia", died, and was succeeded by his nephew (by his sister[8]), Vladislav, by the people's will and emperor's approval.[9] Ljudevit's lands were ravaged, the armies returning home by October.[9]

Historiography

There are differing views over Borna's tribal belonging and regnal title in historiography.

A. K. Miošić (1801) called him a "Dalmatian king" (kragl Dalmatinski) and then "Slavic king" (kragl Slovinskii).[10] A. Dimitz called him "Duke of the Dalmatian Slavs".[11]

Croatian historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia": V. Klaić (1886) called him a "White Croatian duke" that later became the "duke of Dalmatian Croats".[12] F. Šišić (1920) deemed him a "Dalmatian-Croatian duke".[13] A. P. Vlasto (1970) called him a "Dalmatian Croat" ruler, and believed he was at least nominally Christian.[14] T. Macan (1971) called him a "duke of the southern Croatian duchy".[15] I. Perić (1997) called him a "Croatian-Dalmatian duke".[16]

R. Novaković (1973) does not support that he was a duke of Dalmatian Croatia, as no contemporary sources name him as such.[17] According to him, Borna could only be the duke of that area that was at the time under Frankish supreme rule, and that he was active only in the area included in the rebellion against Frankish rule, that is, only west of the Una river.[17] It is possible that Borna was the duke of an archonty not yet part of Croatia in the beginning of the 9th century, neither was Croatia at all included in the events of Ljudevit's rebellion.[18] The war was fought only in the area under Frankish rule, while Dalmatian Croatia was outside those events, as it at that time was under Byzantine supreme rule.[18] M. Atlagić and B. Milutinović (2002) treat him as a Dalmatian Slavic ruler.[19][unreliable source?] Another view is that it seems that after the Timociani did not receive aid, a part of them settled in Slavonia, it seems also that Borna moved with them; S. Prvanović (1962) viewed him as a duke from Timok-Kučevo that founded the first Croatian state,[20] while M. S. Milojević (1872) treated him as a Frankish vassal in "Littoral Croatia" that originally held three counties in the Timok region.[21] Prvanović claimed that F. Racki had falsified the RFA, that Borna actually was the duke of Guduscani and Timociani, combined, and that Racki had put a comma after Guduscani, based on the identification with Gacka in Lika and presumption that due to the geographical distance between the two meant that the two could not have had nearer contact nor a joint duke.[22] Prvanović was not the first to put the Guduscani in the Timok region; 19th-century P. J. Šafárik and V. Karić located them around the Timok and Danube.[22][23]

Fine Jr. first (1983, 1991) called him a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia", in ca. 810–21,[24] having succeeded Višeslav and "who resided at Nin and seems to have been the ruler of most of the Croatians in northern Dalmatia, was also a Frankish Vassal.";[25] then (2010) called him simply a Slavic prince, and also noted that the Franks did not use the term "Croats", suggesting that those usually called Croats in scholarship did not actually use that name.[26] B. W. Scholz (1970) uses the original titles found in the primary source, and in the index uses "duke of Dalmatia".[27] R. McKitterick (1983) called him a "leader of the Dalmatian Croats".[28] C. R. Bowlus (1995) treated him as the "dux of the Guduscani and Timocian Slavs" and a "Dalmatian prince".[29] F. Curta (2006) treats him as a Slavic ruler, of the Guduscani, a Slavic tribe in the Gacka region (modern Croatia).[30] Garipzanov, Geary and Urbańczyk (2008) call him "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia".[31]

Identification with other rulers

Marquart, in Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge (1903), identified DAI's Porinos and Porga with Borna.[32] Krumbacher (1906) supported that Porinos and Borna were the same, but not Porga.[32] However, on the mere basis of the chronology of arrival and baptism in the 7th century, as well the non-Slavic origin of personal names of early Croatian rulers in the 7th century, Porga could not be Borna or Branimir (r. 879–892), with whom some scholars tried to identify him with.[33]

Titles

In the Royal Frankish Annals Borna is named "Duke of the Guduscani" (Template:Lang-la) in 818.[34] In 819 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia" (Template:Lang-la),[35] while in 821 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" (Template:Lang-la).[36]

The gradual ascent of his title should be due to his growing importance during the Frankish conflict with Ljudevit.[37]

References

  1. ^ Živković 2011, p. 390.
  2. ^ Scholz 1970, p. 104.
  3. ^ a b Scholz 1970, p. 105.
  4. ^ Scholz 1970, pp. 105–106.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Scholz 1970, p. 106.
  6. ^ a b c d e Scholz 1970, p. 107.
  7. ^ a b Scholz 1970, p. 108.
  8. ^ Živković 2011, p. 394.
  9. ^ a b Scholz 1970, p. 109.
  10. ^ Andrija Kačić Miošić (1801). Razgovor ugodni naroda Slovinskoga. Czesar. p. 6.
  11. ^ August Dimitz (11 June 2013). History of Carniola: From Ancient Times to the Year 1813 With Special Consideration of Cultural Development. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-1-4836-0409-1.
  12. ^ Vjekoslav Klaić (1886). Pripoviesti iz hrvatske poviesti. Društvo Sv. Jeronima. pp. 34–37.
  13. ^ Ferdo Šišić (1920). Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda: od najstarijih dana do l. decembra 1918. S. Kugli, knjižara kr. Sveučilišta i Jogoslav. akademije. p. 73.
  14. ^ A. P. Vlasto (1970). The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. CUP Archive. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0-521-07459-9.
  15. ^ Trpimir Macan (1971). Povijest hrvatskog naroda: Karte izradila Nela Krstić. Skolska knjiga. p. 20.
  16. ^ Ivo Perić (1997). Povijest Hrvata. Centar za transfer tehnologije. ISBN 978-953-97327-0-5.
  17. ^ a b Novaković 1973, p. 14.
  18. ^ a b Novaković 1973, p. 13.
  19. ^ Marko Atlagić; Branislav Milutinović (2002). Извори за историју Срба до XV века. Faculty of Philosophy, University of Priština. pp. 131–132.
  20. ^ Contributions onomatologiques. Vol. 17. Akademija. 2004. p. 14.
  21. ^ Miloš S. Milojević (1872). Odlomci Istorije Srba i srpskih jugoslavenskih zemalja u Turskoj i Austriji. U državnoj štampariji. pp. 73–89.
  22. ^ a b Jarčević 1998.
  23. ^ Arkiv za povjestnicu jugoslavensku ... Tiskom L. Gaja. 1857. pp. 274–.
  24. ^ Fine 1991, p. 296.
  25. ^ Fine 1991, p. 255.
  26. ^ John V. A. Fine (2010). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-472-02560-0.
  27. ^ Scholz 1970.
  28. ^ Rosamond McKitterick (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987. Longman. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-582-49005-5.
  29. ^ Charles R. Bowlus (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 61–63, 69. ISBN 978-0-8122-3276-9.
  30. ^ Florin Curta (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
  31. ^ Ildar H. Garipzanov; Patrick J. Geary; Przemysław Urbańczyk (2008). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe. Isd. p. 232. ISBN 978-2-503-52615-7.
  32. ^ a b Karl Krumbacher (1906). Byzantinische Zeitschrift: Bibliographische Notizen und kleinere Mitteilungen, Volume 15. B.G. Teubner. p. 560. 5) Marquart, Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge (1903) p. XVIII, is right in identifying Porinos with Borna (Ann. r. Franc, s. a. 819). But he does not convince me that Porga is also the same, or that there was no actual foundation for the significance of the reign of Heraclius in Croatian history.
  33. ^ Živković 2012, pp. 54, 142–143.
  34. ^ Annales regni Francorum DCCCXVIII (year 818)
  35. ^ Katičić 1998, p. 184; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 206
  36. ^ Katičić 1998, p. 184; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 207
  37. ^ Živković 2011, p. 388.

Sources

First
Oldest and only known
 Duke of the Guduscani
818 		Elevation
Elevation Duke of Dalmatia
819 		Elevation
Elevation Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia
821 		Succeeded by
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