Brooklyn-class cruiser

File:G63794.jpg The Brooklyn-class USS Philadelphia
Class overview
Name	Brooklyn
Operators	United States Navy Argentine Navy Brazilian Navy Chilean Navy
Subclasses	St. Louis class
In commission	30 September 1937
General characteristics ()
Type	Light cruiser
Displacement	9,767 tons (standard) 12,207 tons (full load)
Length	606 ft (185 m) overall
Beam	62 ft (19 m)
Draft	23 ft (7.0 m)
Propulsion	4 shaft Parsons geared turbines 8 Babcock and Wilcox boilers 100,000 shp
Speed	32.5 knots
Range	10,000 nm at 15 knots
Complement	868
Armament	15×6 inch (5x3) 8×5 inch (8x1) 8×12 mm machine guns (8x1)
Armour	main belt: 5.5 inch (14 cm) deck: 2 inch (5 cm) barbettes: 6 inch (15 cm) turret roofs: 2 inch (5 cm) turret sides: 6.5 inch (17 cm) tower: 5 inch (13 cm)
Aircraft carried	4 floatplanes
Aviation facilities	2 catapults

The Brooklyn class cruisers were seven light cruisers of the United States Navy which served during World War II. Armed with 5 (three forward, two aft) triple turret mounted 6 inch guns, they were all commissioned during 1937 and 1938 in the time between the start of the war in Asia and before the outbreak of war in Europe.

Design

The Brooklyns arose from the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which suspended the construction of heavy cruisers, ie, ships carrying guns between 6.1 inches and 8 inches. The U.S. didn't favour this outcome, being of the opinion that the heavier gunned ships more suited its Pacific needs. Design started in 1930, the first four of the class were ordered in 1933 and a further three in 1934. Basic criteria had been that speed and range should match heavy cruisers and, when the Japanese Mogami class cruisers appeared, carrying fifteen six-inch main guns, the new U.S. ships would match their weaponry. Various combinations of armour and power plants were tried in the efforts to stay below the Treaty 10,000 ton limit.

The six-inch guns were of a new design, the Mk 16 which could fire a 130-pound shell up to 26,100 yards (nearly 23,900 metres). The intention to mount 1.1 inch anti-aircraft guns was frustrated and the requirement was not fully met until 1943: interim solutions had to be accepted.

From 1942, the bridge structure was lowered and radar was fitted. Increased anti-aircraft weaponry was specified (four quadruple plus four twin 40 millimetre mountings) but not met. In practice there were varied mixes of 20mm and 40mm mountings, twenty-eight 40mm (4x4, 6x2} and twenty 20mm (10x2) being the most common.

The two ships of the St. Louis class were modified Brooklyns (exploiting new boiler design, redesigned armor, and secondary armament placed to four twinned mounts), while the USS Wichita was a heavy cruiser version (as permitted by the London Treaty). The two wartime cruiser classes, the Baltimores and Clevelands were based on the St. Louis class and the Wichita, respectively, and thus the vast majority of cruisers built by the United States during World War II are derived from the Brooklyn design.

War service

Although several were damaged during the war, all of the cruisers survived but were decommissioned by 3 February 1947. The Nashville was hit by a kamikaze attack on 13 December 1944 off Mindoro which killed or wounded 310 crewmen. The Honolulu was torpedoed at the Battle of Kolombangara as was her near-sister ship St. Louis. After being repaired in the United States, Honolulu returned to service only to be torpedoed by a Japanese aircraft on 20 October 1944 during the invasion of Leyte. The St. Louis was hit by a kamikaze attack on 27 December 1944, also while covering the Leyte Gulf operations. The Boise was severely damaged by a shell in her forward turret magazine during the Battle of Cape Esperance on 11 October 1942, suffering many casualties but luckily the shell did not explode. Finally, off Salerno, Italy, the Savannah was hit by a German FX1400 radio guided bomb which penetrated her aft most turret and blew out the bottom of the ship. Skillful damage control by her crew saved her from sinking. While under repair in the United States, Savannah was rebuilt with a bulged hull that increased her beam by nearly 8 feet and her 5 inch guns were reinstalled as four twins.

Post war

Although two of the class were scrapped, the rest were subsequently sold to South American countries: Brooklyn and Nashville to Chile, Philadelphia to Brazil and Boise and Phoenix to Argentina. The Phoenix, renamed as ARA General Belgrano was sunk by HMS Conqueror during the Falklands War.