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{{Taxobox
| name = True Toads
| image = Bufo periglenes1.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Golden toad|Monte Verde Toad]] (''Bufo periglenes'')
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Anura]]
| familia = [[Bufonidae]]
| genus = '''''Bufo'''''
| genus_authority = [[Joseph Nicolai Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}

'''''Bufo''''' <!-- [[Joseph Nicolai Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768 --> is a large [[genus]] of about 150 species of true [[toad]]s in the [[amphibia]]n family [[Bufonidae]]. ''Bufo'' is a [[Latin language|Latin]] word for toad.

== Description ==
True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which makes them poor jumpers. As with all members of the family [[Bufonidae]], they lack a tail and teeth, and they have horizontal [[pupil]]s. Their dry skin is thick and warty.
[[File:Bufo boreas1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Western Toad (''Bufo boreas'')]]

Behind their [[eye]]s, ''Bufo'' species have a [[wart]]like structure, the [[parotoid gland]]s. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other [[Anura|tailless amphibians]]. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The venom of most if not all toads contains [[bufotoxin]]; the venom of the Sonoran Desert Toad, ''[[Colorado River Toad|Bufo alvarius]]'', is a potent [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen]] containing [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[bufotenin]]. The venom's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to [[Precolumbian]] [[Native American (Americas)|Native Americans]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}}

Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the [[organ of Bidder]], an incomplete [[ovary]]. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog.

== Distribution ==
This is a truly [[cosmopolitan genus]], able to live under adverse conditions, and occurring around the world except in the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]], [[Australia]] (with the exception of the introduced [[Cane Toad]]), and [[New Guinea]] and neighbouring islands.
===''Bufo'' species in the British Isles===
Two species are found in the British Isles: the [[Common Toad]] (''Bufo bufo''), and the [[Natterjack Toad]], (''Bufo calamita''). The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange or red warts, green eyes and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.

== Psychoactive properties ==

There are several species of ''Bufo'' toads which produce venom that has [[psychoactive]] properties. The venom of one species (''[[Bufo alvarius]]'') contains both [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[bufotenin]], while several others contain only bufotenin.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} Author Lee B. Croft, in his satiric novel, '''Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society''', has coined the word "bufoglossation" to describe the deliberate licking of Bufo toads for [[hallucinogenic]] purposes,<ref>Lee B Croft, Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society, Sintaksis, Moscow, Russia, 1992, ISBN 5-8342-0007-9</ref> but psychoactive substance information site '''erowid.org'''<ref>http://www.erowid.org/animals/toads/toads_health.shtml</ref> warns against such use.

== Groups ==
Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the ''Bulletin of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]'' to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al., 2004, ''Evolution'' ''58'': 2517–2535; Pauly et al., 2009, ''Herpetologica'' ''65'':115-128). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as ''Anaxyrus'' and ''Rhinella''.

== Species ==
[[File:Bufo alvarius1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Colorado River Toad]] (''Bufo alvarius'')]]
''Bufo'' is a large group, and it is usually divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former ''Bufo'' to other genera and restricted the name ''Bufo'' to members of the ''Bufo bufo'' group of earlier authors. However, other authors continue to recognize these subgroups of ''Bufo'' as subgenera.<ref>Pauly et al. (2009)</ref>

''[[Rhinella]]'' is composed of a combination of ''Rhamphophryne'' and ''Chaunus'' (two subgroups of ''Bufo'' in the broad sense). ''[[Rhinella]]'' is recognized as a distinct genus by some, although other herpetologists disagree and maintain these species as a subgenus within ''Bufo''. Here the species of ''[[Rhinella]]'' are treated in a separate page (where they may be considered a separate genus or as a subgenus of ''Bufo'').

=== Subgenus Anaxyrus ===
{{main|Anaxyrus}}
Contains 22 species found in North and Central America - see [[Anaxyrus|separate article]].

=== Subgenus ''Bufo'' ===
Composed of 12 species. Found in Temperate Eurasia and Japan south to North Africa, the Middle East, northeastern Myanmar and northern Vietnam.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo aspinius]]'' {{small|(Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996)}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo bankorensis]]'' {{small|Barbour, 1908}} || Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo bufo]]'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} || Common Toad, Common European Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo gargarizans]]'' {{small|Cantor, 1842}} || Chusan Island Toad, Asiatic Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo japonicus]]'' {{small|Temminck and Schlegel, 1838}} || Japanese Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo kabischi]]'' {{small|Herrmann and Kühnel, 1997}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo minshanicus]]'' {{small|Stejneger, 1926}} || Gansu Toad, Minshan Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo tibetanus]]'' {{small|Zarevskij, 1926}} || Tibetan Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo torrenticola]]'' {{small|Matsui, 1976}} || Honshū Toad, Japanese Stream Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo tuberculatus]]'' {{small|Zarevskij, 1926}} || Qinghai Lake Toad, Round-warted Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo verrucosissimus]]'' {{small|(Pallas, 1814)}} || Caucasian Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo wolongensis]]'' {{small|Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997}} ||
|-
|}
<br />
=== Group "Bufo" ===
An assemblage of 25 species which remained outside the main groups. Frost et al. denoted the species in this group as polyphyletic by placing "Bufo" in quotation marks. Presumably, as these taxa are studied they will be allocated to one or another of the existing groups.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo ailaoanus]]'' {{small|Kou, 1984}} || Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo arabicus]]'' {{small|Heyden, 1827}} || Arabian Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo atukoralei]]'' {{small|Bogert & Senanayake, 1966}} || Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo beddomii]]'' {{small|Günther, 1876}} || Beddome's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo brevirostris]]'' {{small|Rao, 1937}} || Kempholey Toad, Short-nosed Toad, Rao's Pale Brown Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo cryptotympanicus]]'' {{small|Liu & Hu, 1962}} || Earless Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo dhufarensis]]'' {{small|Parker, 1931}} || Oman Toad - very similar to Bufo scorteccii
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo dodsoni]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1895}} || Dodson's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo hololius]]'' {{small|Günther, 1876}} || Malabar Toad, Gûnther's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo kotagamai]]'' {{small|Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994}} || Kotagama's Dwarf Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo koynayensis]]'' {{small|Soman, 1963}} || Humbali Village Toad, Koyna Toad, Chrome-yellow Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo mauritanicus]]'' {{small|Schlegel, 1841}} || Berber Toad, Pantherine Toad, Moroccan Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo olivaceus]]'' {{small|Blanford, 1874}} || Olive Toad, Baluchistan Coastal Toad, Makran Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo pageoti]]'' {{small|Bourret, 1937}} || Tonkin Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo parietalis]]'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1882)}} || Indian Toad, Ridged Toad, Timber Forest Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo pentoni]]'' {{small|Anderson, 1893}} || Shaata Gardens Toad, Penton's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo scaber]]'' {{small|Schneider, 1799}} || Ferguson’s Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo scorteccii]]'' {{small|Balletto & Cherchi, 1970}} || Scortecci’s Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo silentvalleyensis]]'' {{small|Pillai, 1981}} || Silent Valley Toad, South Indian Hill Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo stejnegeri]]'' {{small|Schmidt, 1931}} || Stejneger's Toad, Korean Toad, Water Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo stomaticus]]'' {{small|Lütken, 1864}} || Assam Toad, Indus Valley Toad, Marbled Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo stuarti]]'' {{small|Smith, 1929}} || Stuart’s Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo sumatranus]]'' {{small|Peters, 1871}} || Sumatra Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo tihamicus]]'' {{small|Balletto & Cherchi, 1973}} || Balletto's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo valhallae]]'' {{small|Meade-Waldo, 1909}} || Pulo Weh Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Nannophryne'' ===
Four species. Removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Smith and Chiszar, 2006 implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Found in South America.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo apolobambica]]'' {{small|De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo cophotis]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1900}} || Paramo Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo corynetes]]'' {{small|Duellman and Ochoa-M., 1991}} || Abra Malaga Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo variegata]]'' {{small|(Günther, 1870)}} || Eden Harbour Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Ollotis'' ===
Contains 33 species. Frost et al. moved these members to a separate genus in 2006, first to ''Cranopsis'' and then to ''Ollotis''. Some herpetologists are retaining the use of ''Bufo'' at this time (e.g., following Pauly et al., 2004) as the valid name for this group of toads.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'' {{small|Girard ''in'' Baird, 1859}} || Sonoran Desert Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo aucoinae]]'' {{small|O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo bocourti]]'' {{small|Brocchi, 1877}} || Bocourt's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo campbelli]]'' {{small|Mendelson, 1994}} || Campbell's Forest Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo canaliferus]]'' {{small|Cope, 1877}} || Dwarf Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo cavifrons]]'' {{small|Firschein, 1950}} || Mountain Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo coccifer]]'' {{small|Cope, 1866}} || Southern Roundgland Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo coniferus]]'' {{small|Cope, 1862}} || Evergreen Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo cristatus]]'' {{small|Wiegmann, 1833}} || Large-crested Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo cycladen]]'' {{small|Lynch & Smith, 1966}} || Northern Roundgland Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo fastidiosus]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1875)}} || Pico Blanco Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo gemmifer]]'' {{small|Taylor, 1940}} || Jeweled Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo holdridgei]]'' {{small|Taylor, 1952}} || Holdridge's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo ibarrai]]'' {{small|Stuart, 1954}} || Jalapa Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo intermedius]]'' {{small|Günther, 1858}} || Gunther's Tropical Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo leucomyos]]'' {{small|McCranie & Wilson, 2000}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo luetkenii]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1891}} || Yellow Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo macrocristatus]]'' {{small|Firschein & Smith, 1957}} || Large-crested Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo marmoreus]]'' {{small|Wiegmann, 1833}} || Marbled Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo mazatlanensis]]'' {{small|Taylor, 1940}} || Sinaloa Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo melanochlorus]]'' {{small|Cope, 1877}} || Dark Green Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo nebulifer]]'' {{small|Girard, 1854}} || Gulf Coast Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo occidentalis]]'' {{small|Camerano, 1879}} || Pine Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo periglenes]]'' {{small|Savage, 1967}} || Monte Verde Golden Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo peripatetes]]'' {{small|Savage, 1972}} || Almirante Trail Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo perplexus]]'' {{small|Taylor, 1943}} || Confusing Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo pisinnus]]'' {{small|Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo porteri]]'' {{small|Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo signifer]]'' {{small|Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo spiculatus]]'' {{small|Mendelson, 1997}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo tacanensis]]'' {{small|Smith, 1952}} || Volcan Tacana Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo tutelarius]]'' {{small|Mendelson, 1997}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo valliceps]]'' {{small|Wiegmann, 1833}} ||
|-
|}

=== Subgenus ''Peltophryne'' ===
Contains 11 species. Distributed in the Greater Antilles.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo cataulaciceps]]'' {{small|Schwartz, 1959}} || Schwartz's Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo empusus]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1862)}} || Cope's Caribbean Toad, Cuban Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo fluviaticus]]'' {{small|Schwartz, 1972}} || Dominican Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo fractus]]'' {{small|Schwartz, 1972}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo fustiger]]'' {{small|Schwartz, 1960}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo guentheri]]'' {{small|Cochran, 1941}} || Gunther's Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo gundlachi]]'' {{small|Ruibal, 1959}} || Gundlach's Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo lemur]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1869)}} || Lowland Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo longinasus]]'' {{small|Stejneger, 1905}} || Stejneger's Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo peltocephalus]]'' {{small|Tschudi, 1838}} || Tschudi's Caribbean Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo taladai]]'' {{small|Schwartz, 1960}} || Cuban Caribbean Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Phrynoidis'' ===
Two species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo asper]]'' {{small|Gravenhorst, 1829}} || Malayan Giant Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo juxtasper]]'' {{small|Inger, 1964}} || Giant River Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Poyntonophrynus'' ===
Ten species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo beiranus]]'' {{small|Loveridge, 1932}} || Beira's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo damaranus]]'' {{small|Mertens, 1954}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo dombensis]]'' {{small|Bocage, 1895}} || Dombe Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo fenoulheti]]'' {{small|Hewitt & Methuen, 1912}} || Transvaal Dwarf Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo grandisonae]]'' {{small|Poynton & Haacke, 1993}} || Mossamedes Toad, Grandison's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo hoeschi]]'' {{small|Ahl, 1934}} || Okahandja Toad, Hoesch's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo kavangensis]]'' {{small|Poynton & Broadley, 1988}} || Khwai River Toad, Kavanga Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo lughensis]]'' {{small|Loveridge, 1932}} || Lugh Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo parkeri]]'' {{small|Loveridge, 1932}} || Parker's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo vertebralis]]'' {{small|Smith, 1848}} || African Dwarf Toad, Pygmy Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Pseudepidalea'' ===
15 species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. It is the Bufo viridis group of previous authors.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo balearica]]'' {{small|Boettger, 1880}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo boulengeri]]'' {{small|Lataste, 1879}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo brongersmai]]'' {{small|Hoogmoed, 1972}} || Tiznit Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo latastii]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1882}} || Ladakh Toad, Lataste's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo luristanicus]] {{small|Schmidt, 1952}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo oblongus]]'' {{small|Nikolskii, 1896}} || Danatea Toad, Middle Asiatic Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo pewzowi]]'' {{small|Bedriaga, 1898}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo pseudoraddei]]'' {{small|Mertens, 1971}} || Swat Green Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo raddei]]'' {{small|Strauch, 1876}} || Tengger Desert Toad, Radde's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo surdus]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1891}} || Pakistan Toad, Iranian Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo turanensis]]'' {{small|Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo variabilis]]'' {{small|Pallas, 1769}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo viridis]]'' {{small|Laurenti, 1768}} || European Green Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo zamdaensis]]'' {{small|Fei, Ye, and Huang in Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999}} ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo zugmayeri]]'' {{small|Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973}} ||
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Rhaebo'' ===
Eight species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo anderssoni]]'' {{small|Melin, 1941}} || Andersson's Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo blombergi]]'' {{small|Myers & Funkhouser, 1951}} || Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo caeruleostictus]]'' {{small|Günther, 1859}} ||
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo glaberrimus]]'' {{small|Günther, 1869}} || Cundinamarca Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo guttatus]]'' {{small|Schneider, 1799}} || Spotted Toad, Smooth-sided Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo haematiticus]]'' {{small|Cope, 1862}} || Truando Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo hypomelas]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1913}} || Choco Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo nasicus]]'' {{small|Werner, 1903}} || Werner's Toad
|-
|}
<br />
=== Subgenus ''Vandijkophrynus'' ===
Five species. It is the former Bufo angusticeps group of Tandy and Keith, 1972. This group was placed by Frost et al. in a separate genus.

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 65%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 60%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo amatolicus]]'' {{small|Hewitt, 1925}} || Amatola Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo angusticeps]]'' {{small|Smith, 1848}} || Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo gariepensis]]'' {{small|Smith, 1848}} || Karroo Toad, Gariep Toad
|-style="background:#FFFDFF;"
| ''[[Bufo inyangae]]'' {{small|Poynton, 1963}} || Inyanga Toad
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| ''[[Bufo robinsoni]]'' {{small|Branch & Braacke, 1996}} || Paradise Toad
|-
|}


==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite web| title=Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae |url=http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Bufonidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=| accessdate=2008-04-05}}
* [http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Bufo amphibiaweb.org - Bufo]
* Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
* Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
* {{cite journal | last = Frost | first = Darrel | year = 2006 | title = The Amphibian Tree of Life | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 297 | issue = | pages = 1–371 | doi = 10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2}}
* {{aut|Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella.}} (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (''Bufo''). ''Evolution'' ''58'': 2517–2535.
* {{Aut|Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C.}} (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. ''Herpetologica'' '''65''': 115-128. </small> [http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf PDF fulltext]


[[Category:Toads]]

[[bg:Крастави жаби (род)]]
[[ca:Bufo]]
[[de:Echte Kröten]]
[[eo:Bufo]]
[[es:Bufo]]
[[eu:Apo]]
[[fr:Bufo]]
[[he:קרפדה (סוג)]]
[[hu:Bufo]]
[[id:Bufo]]
[[it:Bufo]]
[[ja:ヒキガエル属]]
[[la:Bufo]]
[[lmo:Sciatt]]
[[nl:Bufo]]
[[pl:Bufo]]
[[pt:Bufo]]
[[uk:Ропуха]]

Revision as of 14:50, 10 January 2010

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