Bugei jūhappan
The Bugei Juhappan (武芸十八般 "Eighteen kinds of martial arts") were a selection of combat techniques and corollary arts used by the samurai of Tokugawa-era Japan.[1] The concept was established by Hirayama Gyozo, based on earlier Chinese traditions such as Eighteen Arms of Wushu.[2][3]
The eighteen arts consisted of a mixture of native Japanese and imported Chinese martial techniques and tactics. Within each art, various ryū developed, with different methods of performing that particular art.[4] Certain ryū in turn influenced the martial art that were included in the list, most notably Asayama Ichiden-ryū, Kukishin-ryū, Shinden-Fudo-ryū and Tagaki Yoshin-ryū.[5] The exact list varies, but is commonly held to include:
- Kyujutsu, archery
- Sojutsu, spear-fighting
- Kenjutsu, fencing
- Iaijutsu, sword-drawing
- Tantojutsu, knife-fighting
- Juttejutsu, fighting with a truncheon
- Shurikenjutsu, throwing weapons
- Naginatajutsu, fighting with a polearm
- Hojutsu, shooting (with firearms)
- Bojutsu, stick-fighting
- Kusarigamajutsu, fighting with a chain-and-sickle
- Hojojutsu, tying up an opponent
- Bajutsu, horseriding
- Suieijutsu, swimming in armour
- Ninjutsu, espionage[citation needed]
Other arts which were often included in the list of eighteen were:
- Chikujojutsu, fortifying a castle against siege
- Yawara, wrestling
- Fukumibarijutsu, needle-spitting
- Yabusame, mounted archery
- Mojirijutsu, fighting with a barbed staff[6][page needed]
- Yadomejutsu, deflecting flying arrows
- Saiminjutsu, hypnotism[7]
- Jujutsu, grappling and fighting unarmed.
References
- ^ Jesse C.Newman (9 December 2015). History of Kyudo and Iaido In Early Japan. AuthorHouse. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-5049-6359-6.
- ^ Friday, Karl F.; Seki, Humitake (1997). Legacies of the Sword: The Kashima-Shinryū and Samurai Martial Culture ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 199. ISBN 0824818792.
- ^ Chozanshi, Issai; Wilson, William Scott (2006). The Demon's Sermon on the Martial Arts and Other Tales (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha International. p. 9. ISBN 4770030185.
- ^ Fumon Tanaka (2003). Samurai Fighting Arts: The Spirit and the Practice. Kodansha International. p. 22. ISBN 978-4-7700-2898-3.
- ^ Thomas A. Green; Joseph R. Svinth (11 June 2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1-59884-244-9.
- ^ Deal, William E. (2007). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195331265.
- ^ Lowry, Dave; Furuya, Daniel (1985). Autumn Lightning: The Education of an American Samurai. Boston: Shambala. p. 9. ISBN 0394730275.