Burned-over district

Map showing the counties of New York considered part of the "burned-over district"

The burned-over district is the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and the formation of new religious movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.

The term was coined by Charles Grandison Finney, who in his 1876 book Autobiography of Charles G. Finney referred to a "burnt district" to denote an area in central and western New York State during the Second Great Awakening. "I found that region of country what, in the western phrase, would be called, a 'burnt district.' There had been, a few years previously, a wild excitement passing through that region, which they called a revival of religion, but which turned out to be spurious." "It was reported as having been a very extravagant excitement; and resulted in a reaction so extensive and profound, as to leave the impression on many minds that religion was a mere delusion. A great many men seemed to be settled in that conviction. Taking what they had seen as a specimen of a revival of religion, they felt justified in opposing anything looking toward the promoting of a revival." These spurious movements created feelings of apprehension towards the genuine revivals which Finney was influential in.

In references where the religious revival is related to reform movements of the period, such as abolition, women's rights, and utopian social experiments, the region is expanded to include those areas of central New York that were important to these movements. The historical study of the phenomena began with Whitney R. Cross, in 1951. However, Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and indeed the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional.

Religion in the district

Western New York was still a frontier during the early Erie Canal boom, and professional and established clergy were scarce. Many of the self-taught people were susceptible to enthusiasms of folk religion. Evangelists achieved many converts to Protestant sects, such as Congregationalists, Baptists and Methodists. Converts in nonconformist sects became part of numerous innovative religious movements, all founded by laypeople during the early 19th century. These include:

• The Latter Day Saint movement (whose largest branch is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), originating circa 1828. Joseph Smith lived in the area and said he was led by the angel Moroni to his source for the Book of Mormon, the Golden Plates, near Palmyra.
• The Millerites, originating circa 1834. William Miller was a farmer who lived in Low Hampton, New York. He preached that the literal Second Coming would occur "October 22, 1844". Millerism became extremely popular in western New York State. Some of its concepts are still held by church organizations affiliated with Adventism. The Millerite movement started the following churches, which are all still active:
  • Adventists
    • Seventh-day Adventists
  • Jehovah's Witnesses
  • International Bible Students
• The Fox sisters of Hydesville, New York conducted the first table-rapping séances in the area around 1848, leading to the American movement of Spiritualism (centered in the retreat at Lily Dale and in the Plymouth Spiritualist Church in Rochester, New York), which taught communion with the dead.
• The Shakers were very active in the area, establishing their communal farm in central New York in 1826, and a major revival in 1837. The first Shaker settlement in America,also a communal farm, was established in 1776 just north of Albany in an area first known as Niskayuna, then Watervliet, now the Town of Colonie. Mother Ann Lee is buried at the Albany site.
• The Oneida Society was a large utopian group that established a successful community in central New York, founded in 1848; it disbanded in 1881. It was known for its unique interpretation of group marriage, which had mates chosen by committee; the children of the community were raised in common.
• The Social Gospel. Founded by Washington Gladden living in nearby Oswego, New York through his childhood and teens, circa 1832 through 1858. Succeeded by Walter Rauschenbusch of Rochester, New York.

In addition to religious activity, the region including the burned-over district was noted for social radicalism. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the early feminist, was a resident of Seneca Falls in central New York. She and others in the community organized the Seneca Falls Convention devoted to women's suffrage and rights in 1848.

The larger region was the main source of converts to the Fourierist utopian socialist movement, starting around 1816. The Skaneateles Community in central New York, founded in 1843, was such an experiment. The Oneida Society, likewise in central New York, was also considered a utopian group. Related to radical reform, upstate New York provided many members of Hunter Patriots, some of whom volunteered to invade Canada during the Patriot War from December 1837 through December 1838.

Location

The district can be broadly described as the area in New York State between the Finger Lakes and Lake Erie and contains the following counties:

• Allegany
• Cattaraugus Template:Nb10
• Chautauqua
• Erie
• Genesee
• Livingston

• Madison
• MonroeTemplate:Nb10

• Niagara
• Oneida
• Ontario
• Orleans

• Seneca
• Steuben
• Wayne
• Wyoming
• Yates

See also

• Ellen G. White
• John Humphrey Noyes
• Seventh-day Adventists
• The Sinner

References

• Altschuler, Glenn C.; Saltzgaber, Jan M. (1983), Revivalism, Social Conscience, and Community in the Burned-over District: the Trial of Rhoda Bement, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0801415411, LCCN 82014296, OCLC 8805286
• Cross, Whitney R (1950), The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850, LCCN 50012161, OCLC 1944850 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).

Further reading

• Martin, J.E. "Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-Over District Re-Visited", The Crooked Lake Review, Fall 2005, no. 137. Book-length study in a local history quarterly.

External links

• The “Burned-Over District, 1810–1830, Federal Census Indices”, Oliver Cowdery