Butler's garter snake

Butler's garter snake
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Subfamily:	Natricinae
Genus:	Thamnophis
Species:	T. butleri
Binomial name
	Thamnophis butleri; (Cope, 1889)
Synonyms
	Eutænia butleri Cope, 1889; Tropidonotus ordinatus Var. butleri — Boulenger, 1893; Thamnophis butleri ; — Stejneger, 1895; Tropidonotus butleri ; — Boulenger, 1896; Eutaenia butlerii — Cope, 1900; Thamnophis butleri ; — Stejneger & Barbour, 1917; Thamnophis butleri ; — Schmidt & Davis, 1941; Thamnophis radix butleri ; — Wright & Wright, 1957; Thamnophis butleri ; — Conant, 1975;

Butler’s garter snake (Thamnophis butleri) is a species of garter snake in the family Colubridae. It is endemic to North America.^[1]

Etymology

The specific name, butleri, is in honor of ornithologist "Mr. A[mos]. W[illiam]. Butler" (1860-1937) of Brookville, Indiana.^[2]^[3]

Geographic range

It is found in northwestern Ohio, northeastern Indiana, the eastern portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the adjacent extreme southern tip of Ontario, Canada. Also, a disjunct population is found in southeastern Wisconsin.^[4]

Description and identification

It is a small, slender snake, averaging 38–51 cm (15–20 in) in total length (including tail), with three yellow to orange stripes along the length of its body. The background color can range from olive-brown to black, and it may also be possible to discern two rows of dark spots between the side and back stripes. These features do little to distinguish them from most other garter snakes species, but the placement of the lateral, or side, stripes is unique to this species. In Butler's garter snakes, the lateral stripes are centered on the third scale row up from the ventral scales, and they also overlap the adjacent second and fourth scale rows. This contrasts with the lateral stripe placement of other garter snake species.

For those hoping to avoid getting close enough to inspect the position of the lateral stripe, other features may help in their identification. The head is unusually small for a garter snake, and, when excited, the effort this snake expends to escape seems to go more towards thrashing in place than to getting away.

Ecology

Butler’s garter snakes inhabit moist, grassy, open canopy areas, such as meadows, wet prairies, marshes, savannas and grasslands. Like Kirtland's snake, they may also be found in grassy vacant lots in suburban and residential areas. The species can often be found under rocks, logs, trash, and boards. They subsist on a diet of mainly earthworms, but they may also eat leeches, salamanders, and frogs. The species hibernates communally, often with other garter snake species. Butler's garter snakes are a relatively short-lived species, and they reach sexual maturity in their second spring.

Reproduction

The species is ovoviviparous. Mating takes place in late March and early April. The young are born in June or July, in broods of four to 14.^[5] The newborns are 13–18 cm (5.1–7.1 in) long.^[4]

Conservation

In Indiana, Butler's garter snake is listed as an endangered species.^[6]
In Ontario the snake is also listed as endangered.^[7]

References

^ Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover), ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (Thamnophis butleri, pp. 146-147).
^ Cope 1889.
^ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Thamnophis butleri, p. 44).
^ ^a ^b Conant, Roger. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Thamnophis butleri, p. 161 + Plate 23 + Map 113).
^ Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis. (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Thamnophis butleri, pp. 251-252).
^ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians", Indiana Administrative Code, retrieved 28 Apr 2012
^ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Butler's Gartersnake, retrieved 29 Apr 2013

External links

Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management - Indiana-Purdue University
Butler's Garter Snake at Animal Diversity Web
Butler’s Garter Snake, Natural Resources Canada

[1] Smith, H.M., and E.D. Brodie, Jr. (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-47009-1 (hardcover), ISBN 0-307-13666-3 (paperback). (Thamnophis butleri, pp. 146-147).

[2] Cope 1889.

[3] Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Thamnophis butleri, p. 44).

[Conant-4] Conant, Roger. (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Thamnophis butleri, p. 161 + Plate 23 + Map 113).

[5] Schmidt, K.P., and D.D. Davis. (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Thamnophis butleri, pp. 251-252).

[312iac-6] Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011), "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians", Indiana Administrative Code, retrieved 28 Apr 2012

[OntMNR-7] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Butler's Gartersnake, retrieved 29 Apr 2013

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