Caçadores
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (January 2012) |
| Caçadores | |
|---|---|
 Soldier of the 6th Battalion of Caçadores in 1811 | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Branch | Portuguese Army |
| Type | Light infantry |
| Nickname(s) | Fighting Cocks |
The Caçadores were the elite light infantry troops of the Portuguese Army, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Units of Caçadores – with features somewhat different from the original ones – continued to exist in the Portuguese Armed Forces until the 1970s.
Etymology
Caçadores is the plural of caçador, the Portuguese word for "hunter". It has also been used to designate each one of the elite light infantry soldiers of the Portuguese Army. As such it is a direct equivalent of the German military term Jäger and the French military term chasseur. It may also be considered comparable to the English language term ranger.
Origins
The origins of the Caçadores can be found in several light infantry units created in the Portuguese Army during the 18th century, like the Royal Volunteers Regiment and the Light Troops Legion. After the War of the Pyrenees in 1797, a company of Caçadores was created in each Portuguese infantry regiment.
Peninsular War and 19th century
In 1808, following the pitiful showing of the Portuguese Army against the French, the Portuguese government realised the necessity of appointing a commander-in-chief capable of training, equipping and disciplining the demoralised Portuguese Army. After the expulsion of General Junot's army from Portugal, British Army General William Beresford was recommended by Arthur Wellesley for the role and was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Army on 7 March 1809. As part of Beresford reforms, Portuguese War secretary Miguel Pereira Forjaz proposed the creation of independent battalions of Caçadores and six would be created. Later in the Peninsular War, additional battalions and other units of Caçadores were formed due to the success of the original six battalions. Each battalion came to include a special Atiradores (sharpshooters) company armed with rifles. In the Anglo-Portuguese Army, some Caçadores units were integrated into the elite Light Division, brigaded with the British units of the 95th Rifles.
One of the most distinctive features of the Caçadores was their brown uniform. The brown uniform was chosen as a form of camouflage, considered more appropriate to the dry lands of the Iberian Peninsula than the traditional green uniforms used by the light infantry of most other countries in Europe.
During the Peninsular War, Caçadores became especially notable in the performance of marksmanship at long distances. Arthur Wellesley referred the Portuguese Caçadores as the "fighting cocks" of his Anglo-Portuguese Army.
The battalions and later regiments of Caçadores continued to constitute the light infantry of the Portuguese Army during the rest of the 19th century. However, with the advent of new firearms technologies and new infantry tactics, the differences between the Caçadores and the line infantry steadily decreased. Because of that, in the reorganization of the Portuguese Army of 1911, the decision was taken to extinguish the Caçadores units and to transform them into line infantry regiments.
20th century
In the 20th century, several types of units named Caçadores were created or recreated in the Portuguese Armed Forces, namely:
- Caçadores battalions – recreated, in the Portuguese Army reorganization of 1926, as border defense units, kept in a high state of readiness. They were designed to defend the border against an enemy attack, for the time necessary to mobilize the line infantry units;
- Caçadores (Overseas) – the title "Caçadores" was also given, in the 1930s, to the light infantry battalions and independent companies responsible for the garrison of the Portuguese overseas territories. There were units of this type mobilized both in European Portugal and locally in each overseas territory, forming the vast majority of units committed by the Portuguese Army in the Portuguese Colonial War;
- Caçadores Especiais (special hunters) – several special forces companies of the Portuguese Army created by the Special Operations Troops Centre at the beginning of the 1960s. These units wore a brown beret in the colour of the uniforms of the Caçadores of the Peninsular War. Later the Caçadores Especiais were abolished and the brown beret started to be used by most of the units of the Portuguese Army;
- Caçadores Paraquedistas (parachutist hunters) – a paratrooper battalion (later regiment) formed by the Portuguese Air Force, in the 1950s. Later, battalions of Caçadores Paraquedistas were also created in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea.
The Caçadores (Overseas), Caçadores Especiais and Caçadores Paraquedistas were deeply involved in the Portuguese African Wars, from 1961 to 1975.
In 1975, the title "Caçadores" was discontinued in the Portuguese Armed Forces. All existing units of Caçadores were reclassified as normal infantry.
References
- CHARTRAND, René, COELHO, Sérgio Veloso, A Infantaria Ligeira da Guerra Peninsular, Almeida: Câmara Municipal de Almeida, 2006
- MARTELO, David, Os Caçadores – Os Galos de Combate do Exército de Wellington, Lisbon: Tribuna da História, 2007
- VON PIVKA, Otto, ROFFE, Michael, The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars (Men-at-Arms), Osprey