Calopogon multiflorus
| Calopogon multiflorus | |
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| Calopogon multiflorus flowers | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Arethuseae |
| Genus: | Calopogon |
| Species: | C. multiflorus
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| Binomial name | |
| Calopogon multiflorus | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Calopogon multiflorus, the many-flowered grass-pink, is a species of orchid. It is a perennial forb that requires recurring ground fires to maintain its habitat. It falls under the genus Calopogon, meaning "beautiful beard" in Greek, referring to the stamen-like bristles or beard on the lip.[3]
Distribution
[edit]Calopogon multiflorus is distributed throughout southeastern United States. It can be found mainly in Florida and also Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[4] This species has become imperiled or critically imperiled throughout its range and is possibly extirpated from Georgia according to NatureServe.[2]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]Calopogon multiflorus can be found in dry to moist flatwoods with wiregrass, longleaf pine, and saw palmetto. Its habitat also includes mesic pine savannahs on flat or gently-sloping terrain. These longleaf pine savannas were once widespread in southeastern North America,[5] and they burned naturally at least once a decade (see map in fire ecology). Large areas of suitable habitat have since been lost from logging and fire suppression.
The soil it grows in is usually sandy to loamy and acidic. Other species that are found growing nearby in the same habitat are blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), little gallberry/ink berry (Ilex glabra), slender bluestem (Schizachyrium tenerum), little bluestem (S. scoparium), and savannah meadow beauty (Rhexia alifanus).[6] Over a wide range, this species typically does not occur on wet savannahs and bogs with pitcher plants, although one location in Louisiana does have some plants coexisting with pitcher plants.[6]
C. multiflorus requires prescribed annual winter fires for its appearance. In this way it is typical of many of the understory plants in pine savannas.[5] It is known to bloom six to eight weeks after a burn, likely benefiting from the lack of competition with other plants, and the nutrients released during a fire.[6]
Morphology
[edit]
Characteristics of C. multiflorus are a dark purple rachis, a forked corm; pandurate lateral petals; elongated, acuminate floral bracts measuring (0.3–0.8)×(0.3–0.5) cm; and a pungent floral fragrance at peak anthesis.[7]
After sprouting in early spring, a single leaf, or sometimes two, appear clasping the bloom stem. The number of flowers can range from fifteen to just one flower on a stem. When the flower buds mature, they open in quick succession. Sometimes, it takes only two days for all of the flowers to open. They remain open for a couple days before withering and dropping to the ground.[3] The flowering season for C. multiflorus ranges from March to May. The average flowering season in Louisiana is mid-April.[6] This species requires full sun to light shade to grow ideally.
Pollination
[edit]This species falsely lures bees with the promise of pollen, but it is not fulfilled. The beard of the flower is deceptive in that once the insect lands on it, the lip of the beard swings down, hinge-like, placing the insect's head and back on the column thereby picking up pollinium load, or placing the pollinium on the stigma if the insect already carries a load on its back.[3]
Conservation
[edit]Although this orchid is known historically in Florida and other managed areas, it is now rare due to fire suppression and conversion of habitat to pine plantations.[8] One way to protect this species is to burn flatwoods every two to three years during the growing season. These flatwoods can also be protected from bedding, draining, clearcutting, roller-chopping and other soil and hydrology disturbances.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ Goedeke, T.; Sharma, J.; Treher, A.; Frances, A.; Poff, K. (2016). "Calopogon multiflorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64175911A86066804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64175911A86066804.en. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ a b NatureServe (5 July 2024). "Calopogon multiflorus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ a b c James Alexander Fowler; Paul Martin Brown (28 February 2005). Wild orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-57003-566-1. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (2024). "Calopogon multiflorus Lindl". The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ a b Peet, R. K. and Allard, D. J. (1993). "Longleaf pine vegetation of the southern Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coast regions: a preliminary classification". In The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Restoration and Management, ed. S. M. Hermann, pp. 45–81. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station.
- ^ a b c d Calopogon multiflorus – many-flowered grass-pink, Rare Plants of Louisiana, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries
- ^ Goldman, D. H.; Orzell, S. L. (2000). "Morphological, geographical, and ecological re-evaluation of Calopogon multiflorus (Orchidaceae)". Lindleyana. 15 (4): 237–251.
- ^ a b MANY-FLOWERED GRASSPINK. Calopogon multiflorus Lindl. Synonym: Calopogon barbatus, Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Field Guide to Rare Plants.