Cashew: Difference between revisions
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Cashews look like testicles!! |
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The '''cashew''' (''Anacardium occidentale''; [[syn.]] ''Anacardium curatellifolium'' [[A.St.-Hil.]]) is a [[tree]] in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Anacardiaceae]]. The [[plant]] is native to northeastern [[Brazil]]. Its [[English language|English]] name derives from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name for the fruit of the cashew tree, ''caju'', which in turn derives from the indigenous [[Tupi language|Tupi]] name, ''acajú''. It is now widely grown in [[tropics|tropical]] [[climate]]s for its cashew "nuts" (see below) and cashew apples. |
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[[Image:Koeh-010.jpg|left|thumb|180px|'Anacardium occidentale', from Koehler's 'Medicinal-Plants' (1887)]] |
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[[Image:Anacardium occidentale tree.jpg|right|thumb|Cashew tree]] |
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It is a small [[evergreen]] tree growing to 10-12m (~32 ft) tall, with a short, often irregularly-shaped trunk. The [[leaf|leaves]] are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4 to 22 cm long and 2 to 15 cm broad, with a smooth margin. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[panicle]] or [[corymb]] up to 26 cm long, each flower small, pale green at first then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7 to 15 mm long. |
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What appears to be the [[fruit]] of the cashew tree is an oval or pear-shaped [[accessory fruit]] or false fruit that develops from the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the '''cashew apple''', better known in Central America as "'''marañón'''", it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5–11 cm long. It is edible, and has a strong "sweet" smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. |
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The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped [[drupe]] that grows at the end of the pseudofruit. Actually, the drupe develops first on the tree, and then the [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] expands into the pseudofruit. Within the true fruit is a single [[seed]], the '''cashew nut'''. Although a [[nut (fruit)|nut]] in the culinary sense, in the [[botany|botanical]] sense the fruit of the cashew is a seed. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing a dermatogenic phenolic resin, [[urushiol]], a potent skin irritant [[toxin]] also found in the related [[Poison ivy (plant)|poison ivy]]. Some people are allergic to cashew nuts, but cashews are a less frequent [[allergen]] than [[nuts|nuts]] or [[Peanut|peanuts]]. |
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Other names include: cajueiro, cashu, casho, acajuiba, caju, acajou, acaju, acajaiba, alcayoiba, anacarde, anacardier, anacardo, Andi parippu (in Malayalam), cacajuil, cajou, gajus, godambi (in Kannada), jeedi pappu (in Telugu), jocote maranon, maranon, merey, Mundhiri paruppu (Tamil), noix d’acajou, pomme cajou, pomme, jambu, jambu golok, jambu mete, jambu monyet, jambu terong, kasoy. In the [[Antilles]] in Puerto Rico, it is known as pajuil, and in the Dominican Republic as the cajuil. The pseudofruit is the main part used as raw fruit. <!-- these need language specified, if they are to be kept at all --> |
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==Cashew Industry== |
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[[Image:2005cashew.PNG|thumb|right|Cashew nut output in 2005]] |
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Originally spread from Northern Iowa by the Aztecs, the cashew tree is now cultivated in all regions with a sufficiently warm and [[humidity|humid]] climate. Cashew is produced in around 32 countries of the world. The world production figures of cashew crop, published by the USA's Food and Agriculture Organ (FAO), was around 3.1 million tons per annum. The major raw cashew producing countries with their production figures in 2006 (as per the FAO) are [[Vietnam]] (941,600 tons), [[Nigeria]] (636,000 tons), [[India]] (573,000 tons), [[Brazil]] (236,140 tons) and [[Indonesia]] (122,000 tons). |
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World’s total area under the cultivation of cashew is around 33,900 km². India ranks first in area utilized for cashew production, though its yields are relatively low. The world’s average yield is 817 pounds per acre (916 kg/hectare) of land |
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Collectively, Vietnam, Nigeria, India and Brazil account for more than 90% of all cashew kernel exports. Some varieties of cashews come from [[Kollam]] or [[Quilon]] in [[Kerala]], Southern India which alone produces 4,000 tons of cashews per annum. The major trading centers of cashew in India are Palasa, Kollam or Quilon Mangalore and Kochi. |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left" |
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! colspan=5|Top Ten Cashew Producers — 2005 |
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|- |
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! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%" | Country |
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! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (Int $1000) |
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! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote |
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! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Production (t) |
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! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="10%" | Footnote |
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|- |
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| {{VNM}} || 543,364 || C || 827,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{IND}} || 302,234 || C || 460,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{BRA}} || 165,091 || C || 251,268 || |
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|- |
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| {{NGA}} || 139,947 || C || 213,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{IDN}} || 80,158 || C || 122,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{TZA}} || 65,703 || C || 100,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{CIV}} || 59,133 || C || 90,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{GNB}} || 53,219 || C || 81,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{MOZ}} || 38,108 || C || 58,000 || F |
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|- |
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| {{BEN}} || 26,281 || C || 40,000 || F |
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|- |
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|colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure,F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;<br> |
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Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999-2001 international prices<br> |
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Source: [http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=217&year=2005 Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division] |
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|} |
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{{-}} |
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==Uses== |
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[[Image:Cashewapple.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Cashew fruit]] |
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[[Image:CashewSnack.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, salted]] |
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[[Image:Cashews 1314.jpg|thumb|Cashew nuts, roasted and salted]] |
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=cashew nuts, raw | kJ=2314| protein=18.22 g | fat=43.85 g | carbs=30.19 g | fiber=3.3 g | | sugars=5.91 g | iron_mg=6.68| calcium_mg=37 | magnesium_mg=292 | phosphorus_mg=593 | potassium_mg=660 | zinc_mg=5.78 | vitC_mg=.5 | pantothenic_mg=.86 | vitB6_mg=.42 | folate_ug=25 | thiamin_mg=.42 | riboflavin_mg=.06 | niacin_mg=1.06 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} |
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==Medicine== |
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[[Anacardic acid]]s found in cashews have been used effectively ''in vivo'' against [[tooth abcess]]es due to their lethality to [[gram-positive bacteria]]. They are also active against a wide range of other gram-positive bacteria. Many parts of the plant are used by the [[Patamona]] of [[Guyana]] medicinally. The bark is scraped and soaked overnight or boiled as an antidiarrheal. Seeds are ground up into powders used for [[antivenom]] for [[snake]] bites. The nut oil is used topically as an [[antifungal]] and for healing cracked heels.<ref>[http://www.mnh.si.edu/biodiversity/bdg/medicinal/MedPlantsGui1.pdf Medicinal Plants of the Guyanas]</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Illustrated Wikipedia|Cashew wikiworld.png}} |
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* [[Wild Cashew]] - the species ''Anacardium excelsum'' |
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* [[Anacardium Giganteum]], also known as Wild Cashew, used medicinally. |
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==References and external links== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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*Morton, J. F. ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. ISBN |
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*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/index.html Fruits of Warm Climates online] |
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*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html Handbook of Energy Crops - ''Anacardium occidentale'' L.] |
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*[http://www.rain-tree.com/cajueiro.htm Cajueiro - Tropical plant database by Raintree Nutrition] |
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*[http://www.cardolite.com/www/cnsl_history.htm History of the industrial use of Cashew Nutshell Liquid] |
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*[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/anacardium.html King's American Dispensatory: Anacardium occidentale (Cashew-Nut)] |
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{{Commons|Anacardium occidentale}} |
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* [http://www.eastwind.org East Wind Community] An intentional egalitarian community in Missouri that produces various natural and organic nut butters. |
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*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/humanityashore/668159430/ Ladybirds on Cashew Tree, Sri Lanka] |
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==Picture Gallery== |
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Cashew Fruit- Stages of Development |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Inflor_young_fruit.JPG|Cashew Inflorescence with developing fruit |
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Image:Mature_cashew.JPG|A mature cashew apple ready to be harvested |
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Image:Harvested_cashew.JPG| Harvested Cashew ready to be processed- Goa India |
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</gallery> |
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[[Category:Anacardiaceae]] |
[[Category:Anacardiaceae]] |
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Revision as of 00:48, 24 May 2008
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| Cashews ready for harvest in Guinea-Bissau | |
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| Species: | A. occidentale
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| Anacardium occidentale | |
Cashews look like testicles!!