Central stoneroller
| Campostoma anomalum | |
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| Species: | C. anomalum
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| Binomial name | |
| Campostoma anomalum Rafinesque, 1820[1]
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The central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) is a fish in the family Cyprinidae endemic to the United States.
Distribution
The central stoneroller is widespread in freshwater streams throughout a large portion of the eastern, central, and midwestern United States. It is present in the Atlantic Ocean, Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and Hudson Bay basins in the US, from New York west to North Dakota and Wyoming and south to South Carolina and Texas. Isolated populations are also found in Canada and Mexico.[2] The central stoneroller is benthopelagic, inhabiting either the midwaters or bottom of freshwater streams and rivers. It requires some current and is most commonly found in riffles and pools of moderate to high gradient streams with a gravel substrate bottom. However, it is a very tolerant species and can be found in almost any stream system with adequate food, leading to it widespread distribution.[3]
Ecology
The central stoneroller is generally herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae scraped from rocks and logs with the cartilaginous ridge on its lower jaw. Young fish feed on rotifers, filamentous algae, and microcrustacea. It also feeds on detritus, diatoms, and occasionally aquatic insects. It is classified as a grazing minnow in its feeding behavior, and large schools of these fish often feed together. Central stonerollers may consume up to 27 percent of their body weight in benthic algae per day. One Kansas study found that algae contributed most (47 percent) to the diet of central stonerollers, followed by detritus (30 percent), animal matter (21 percent), and terrestrial vegetation (2 percent).[4] Some human-induced factors that reduce the abundance of the central stoneroller are altered flow regimens, habitat fragmentation, impacts to aquatic and riparian habitat associated with agricultural practices, and increased siltation and aquatic vegetation.[citation needed]
Life history
Central stonerollers reach maturity in one to four years. Breeding males begin building nests in late winter and continue throughout midsummer, creating large, bowl-shaped depressions in calmer waters by rolling stones along the bottom with their noses, giving them their common name. The males aggressively defend their nests against rival males. Spawning occurs in early spring and summer, varying by region, with those fish in warmer climates generally spawning earlier than those in colder climates. Females remain in deeper water outside the nesting site, entering only briefly to produce anywhere between 200 and 4800 eggs in a nest.[5] The male fertilizes the eggs, causing them to become adhesive and lodge in the gravel of the nest, preventing them from being carried away by the currents. The eggs are then abandoned by both parents and hatch within a few days.[6] The newly hatched fish school together to feed in the warmer and more protected backwaters and vegetated stream margins. This species is generally found in small, clear streams with gravel, rubble, or exposed bedrock. Often the most abundant species in small streams, schools may contain several hundred individuals. Central stonerollers also display some intolerance to heavy siltation or pollutants, which affect the quantity of available algae in pool and riffle habitats.[7]
Management
The central stoneroller is widely distributed, so is not being threatened to a large extent, nor is it listed on any federal or state conservation lists.[citation needed]
Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, and M. R. Whiles. 2003. Ecosystem significance of crayfishes and stonerollers in a prairie stream: functional differences between co-occurring ominivores. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22:423–441.
- ^ Etnier, David A.; Starnes, W. (1993). The Fishes of Tennessee (PDF). Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-711-1.
- ^ Cashner, R.C.; Matthews, W.J.; Marsh-Matthews, E.; Unmack, P.J.; Cashner, F.M. (2010). "Recognition and Redescription of Distinctive Stonerollers from the Southern Interior Highlands". COPEIA. 2: 300–311. doi:10.1643/CI-08-051. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2013.
- ^ Burger, J.; Campbell, K.R.; Campbell, T.S.; Shulia, T.; Dixon, C.; Gochfield, M. (2005). "Use of central stonerollers (Cyprinidae:Campostoma anomalum) from Tennessee as a bioindicator of metal contamination". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 110: 171–184. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-6689-8.
- ^ Bisping, S.M.; Fischer, J.R.; Quist, M.C.; Schaffer, A.J. (2010). "Population Characteristics of Central Stonerollers in Iowa Streams". The Prairie Naturalist. 42: 109–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2013.
- ^ Baxter, G.T. 1955. A study of the fish population in Lodgepole Creek, Laramie County, Wyoming. J. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. IV (7):61.
- ^ Reisinger, A.J.; Presuma, D.L.; Gido, K.B.; Dodds, W.K. (2011). "Direct and indirect effects of central stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum) mesocosm recovery following a flood: Can marconsumers affect denitrification?". Journal of the North American Benthology Society. 30: 840–852. doi:10.1899/10-169.1.
- ^ Ratocinski, Chester F. (1980). "Hybridization and introgression between Campostoma oligolepis and Campostoma anomalum pullum (Cypriniformes) Cyprinidae". COPEIA. 1980 (4): 584–594.
External links
- Photograph of Campostoma anomalum by Noel M. Burkhead