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Château de Langeais

Coordinates: 47°19′29″N 0°24′22″E / 47.3248°N 0.4061°E / 47.3248; 0.4061
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Château de Langeais
Map
General information
CountryFrance
Construction started10th century

The Château de Langeais is a medieval castle, rebuilt as a château, in Indre-et-Loire, France, built on a promontory created by the small valley of the Roumer River at the opening to the Loire Valley. Founded in 992 by Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, the castle was soon attacked by Odo I, Count of Blois. After the unsuccessful attack, the now-ruined stone keep was built; it is one of the earliest datable stone examples of a keep. Between 994 and 996 the castle was besieged unsuccessfully twice more. During the conflict between the counts of Anjou and Blois, the castle changed hands several times, and in 1038 Fulk captured the castle again.

After it was destroyed during the Hundred Years' War, King Louis XI (1461–1483) rebuilt Château de Langeais into what today is one of the best known examples of late medieval architecture. It is especially noted for its monumental and highly decorated chimneypieces. Restored in the late 19th century, Château de Langeais came under the control of the Institut de France, who own the site today. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture and is open to the public.

History

The ruins of the 10th-century keep

The 10th century saw the emergence of the castle, and Château de Langeais is generally thought to be the second earliest known; the earliest is Château de Doué-la-Fontaine built by the Count of Blois around 900. The counts of Anjou and Blois had bordering territories and the powerful lords were rivals; as a result the border area is home to some of the earliest known castles.[1] When it was founded in 992 by Fulk Nerra, Count of Anjou, Château de Langeais was made from wood and took the form of a motte-and-bailey.[2] A contemporary chronicler noted that it was built because "[Fulk] had no resting place between Bourgueil and Amboise along the Loire river". It also had the advantage of being 24 km (15 mi) from Tours,[3] a town under the control of Odo I, Count of Blois.[4]

While the land belonged to Fulk, the area was under the control of Odo. When news of the fortification reached Odo he despatched a force to carry out its destruction. The attack was unsuccessful and Fulk reinforced the site, building the stone keep that stands in ruins today. To distract Odo from the construction work, which was complete by 994, Fulk carried out intermittent raids on his lands.[3] It has been suggested that the keep's shallow foundations and thin walls, 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at their thickest and on average 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), demonstrate that it was built in haste.[5]

Though he was unsuccessful in 992, Odo again tried to capture the castle two years later. This time he called on his Norman, Flemish, Aquitanian allies and the siege of Château de Langeais began in the spring of 994. Fulk led the garrison himself and sent a message to Hugh Capet, King of the Franks, asking for help; and, though Hugh was ill, he promised reinforcements. In the meantime Odo's numbers grew as his allies continued to flock to him. The siege continued into the summer and Fulk began negotiating with Odo. Richer, a contemporary chronicler favourable to Odo, asserted that Fulk agreed to surrender but later reneged, claiming the agreement was not binding, though it is uncertain whether this was the case. However, the Capetian forces arrived before Fulk was forced to surrender. Faced with the king's army, Odo agreed to leave Fulk in peace.[6]

Modern tableau of the marriage of Anne of Brittany to King Charles VIII

After the siege ended and Odo retreated, Fulk had to deal with hostilities along the western frontier of his lands. Despite Odo's agreement with Hugh, the Count of Blois exploited Fulk's divided attention to install a force at Château de Châteaudun from which he could move to capture Langeais should the opportunity arise. Odo besieged Château de Langeais in 995. The siege continued into the next year, but in March 996 Odo fell ill and died. With their leader dead, the besieging force left Langeais. With his most troublesome enemy dead, Fulk captured Tours which had previously been held by the Count of Blois.[7] After Robert, King of the Franks took control of Tours, Fulk turned to the castles of Langeais, Montsoreau, Montrésor, and Montbazon to defend the Loire Valley.[8]

Hostilities between the counts of Anjou and Blois were renewed in 1016.[9] During the course of the conflict, Fulk lost control of three castles: Passavant was destroyed and Montbazon and Langeais were probably captured.[10] By 1032 Château de Langeais was back under Fulk's control, however it was again taken by the forces of Odo II, Count of Blois. Odo II died in battle in 1037 and was succeeded by his son, Theobald; on receiving the news of his rival's demise, Fulk set about recapturing Château de Langeais. The siege began in the winter of 1037 and in the spring of the following year, with no relief forthcoming, the garrison surrendered. Fulk set his sights on further territorial gains and successfully captured Château de Chinon 22 km (14 mi) away.[11]

The château was rebuilt in the 15th century.

Under the Plantagenet kings, the château was fortified and expanded by Richard I of England (King Richard the Lionhearted). However, King Philippe II of France recaptured the château in 1206. Eventually though, during the Hundred Years' War, the English destroyed it. The château was rebuilt about 1465 during the reign of King Louis XI.[citation needed] The great hall of the château was the scene of the marriage of Anne of Brittany to King Charles VIII on December 6, 1491 that made the permanent union of Brittany and France.[12]

In 1886, Jacques Siegfried bought Château Langeais and began a restoration program. He installed an outstanding collection of tapestries and furnishings and bequeathed the château to the Institut de France which still owns it today. The château is open to the public. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Layout

The north-east face of the 10th-century keep

According to contemporaneous chronicler Richer, the castle built by Foulques Nerra in the 990s consisted of a tower and a surrounding enclosure. The 10th-century keep still stands, albeit in a ruinous state. It is the earliest example of Romanesque architecture in the region.[13] It is uncertain where the stone used in construction was quarried.[14] A detailed study has been done on the cost of construction of Langeais tower. The stone tower is 16 metres (52 ft) high, 17.5m wide, and 10m long with walls averaging 1.5m. The walls contain 1,200 cubic metres (42,000 cu ft) of stone and have a total surface (both inside and out) of 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft). The tower is estimated to have taken 83,000 average working days to complete, most of which was unskilled labor.[15] The wall enclosing the keep stretched for some 250 m (820 ft).[16] The interior rooms are richly decorated.

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Bradbury 2007, pp. 49, 60–61
  2. ^ Kauffman & Kauffman 2004, p. 109
  3. ^ a b Bachrach 1993, pp. 48–49
  4. ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 61
  5. ^ Bachrach 1993, pp. 49–50
  6. ^ Bachrach 1993, pp. 52–55
  7. ^ Bachrach 1993, pp. 57–62
  8. ^ Bachrach 1993, pp. 68–70
  9. ^ Fanning 1988, pp. 54–55
  10. ^ Bachrach 1993, p. 119
  11. ^ Bachrach 1993, p. 239
  12. ^ Knecht 2007, p. 114
  13. ^ Bachrach 1993, p. 49
  14. ^ Bachrach 1991, p. 51
  15. ^ Bachrach 1991, pp. 47–52
  16. ^ Bachrach 1993, p. 50
Bibliography
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. (1991), "The Cost of Castle Building: The Case of the Tower at Langeais, 992–994", The Medieval Castle: Romance and Reality, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 47–62, ISBN 978-0-8166-2003-6 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  • Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993), Fulk Nerra, the neo-Roman consul, 987–1040: a political biography of the Angevin count, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07996-0
  • Bradbury, Jim (2007), The Capetians: kings of France, 987–1328, Continuum, ISBN 978-1-85285-528-4
  • Fanning, Steven (1988), A bishop and his world before the Gregorian reform: Hubert of Angers, 1006–1047, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 78, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-781-3
  • Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2004), The Medieval Fortress: castles, forts and walled cities of the Middle Ages, Da Capo, ISBN 978-0-306-81358-0
  • Knecht, Robert (2007), The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589, Continuum, ISBN 978-1-85285-522-2

Further reading

  • Mesqui, Jean (1997), Chateaux-forts et fortifications en France, Paris: Flammarion, p. 493, ISBN 2-08-012271-1
  • Thompson, Michael (1991), The Rise of the Castle, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-37544-3
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47°19′29″N 0°24′22″E / 47.3248°N 0.4061°E / 47.3248; 0.4061

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