Christopher Cradock
Christopher Cradock | |
|---|---|
 Christopher Cradock | |
| Born | 2 July 1862 Hartforth, Richmond, North Yorkshire |
| Died | 1 November 1914 (aged 52) HMS Good Hope, South Pacific, off Coronel, Chile |
| Allegiance |  United Kingdom |
| Service/ |  Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1875–1914 |
| Rank | Rear-Admiral |
| Commands held | HMS Andromeda |
| Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion World War I |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order Companion of the Order of the Bath Order of the Crown (Prussia) |
Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher "Kit" George Francis Maurice Cradock KCVO CB SGM (2 July 1862 – 1 November 1914) was a British officer of the Royal Navy. He earned a reputation for great gallantry.[1] He was killed during the Battle of Coronel, an engagement with the German navy off the coast of Chile in the early part of World War I.
Early life and career
Cradock was born at Hartforth, Richmond, North Yorkshire.[1] He entered the Royal Navy in 1875, and saw action in the Mediterranean, serving with distinction. On 1 February 1900 he was appointed in command of the cruiser HMS Alacrity,[2] which later that year was posted to China during the Boxer Rebellion. He commanded a mixture of British, German and Japanese sailors during the capture of the Taku forts, and was promoted captain in April 1901[3] and received the Prussian Order of the Crown with swords as a result.
On 24 March 1902 he was posted to HMS Andromeda at the Mediterranean Station, where from June that year he served as flag captain to Rear-Admiral Sir Baldwin Wake Walker.[4] Promoted to rear-admiral in 1910, he was involved in the sea rescue of the passengers and crew of the SS Delhi in December 1911. He was awarded the SGM and KCVO in 1912. In February 1913, he was given command of the North America and West Indies Station.[5] From at least 21 until 26 April 1914, Cradock was at Veracruz on HMS Essex during the United States occupation of Veracruz.[6][7]
Death at the Battle of Coronel
With the start of the First World War, in August 1914, Cradock, commanding the 4th Squadron of the Royal Navy, was ordered to pursue and destroy Admiral Maximilian von Spee's fleet of commerce-raiding cruisers. Cradock's fleet was significantly weaker than Spee's, consisting of mainly elderly vessels manned by largely inexperienced crews.
Cradock found Spee's force off Chile and decided to engage it. In the resulting Battle of Coronel, Cradock's ships HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth were destroyed with the loss of all 1570 lives, including his own.
Departing from Port Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral Hedworth Meux in the event of his death. In this he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear-Admiral Ernest Troubridge, who in August had been courtmartialled for failing to engage the enemy despite the odds being severely against him, during the pursuit of the German warships Goeben and Breslau.[8] The Governor of the Falklands and the Governor's aide both reported that Cradock had not expected to survive.[9][10]
A monument to Admiral Cradock was placed in York Minster. It is on the east side of the North Transept towards the Chapter House entrance. There is another monument to Cradock in Catherington churchyard, Hampshire. There is a monument and a stained glass window in Cradock's memory in his parish church at Gilling West.[11] Having no known grave, he is commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission on Portsmouth Naval Memorial.[12]
There is a neighbourhood in Portsmouth, Virginia, named after him.
Personal life
Cradock never married, but kept a dog which accompanied him at sea. He commented that he would choose to die either during an accident while hunting (this was his favourite pastime), or during action at sea.
References
- ^ a b Paul G. Halpern, ‘Cradock, Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice (1862–1914)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 [1], accessed 13 May 2011.
- ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36053. London. 31 January 1900. p. 8. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
- ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36433. London. 19 April 1901. p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
- ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36724. London. 25 March 1902. p. 9. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
- ^ "Sir Christopher "Kit" Cradock, 1862-1914". History of war. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ The Landing at Veracruz: 1914 by Jack Sweetman, ch. 6
- ^ A Diplomat's Wife in Mexico by Edith O'Shaughnessy, ch. XXIV
- ^ 'Castles', p. 221.
- ^ 'Castles', p. 219, citing Marder Vol II, p. 111.
- ^ 'Castles', p. 219, citing Coronel and the Faulklands, p. 92.
- ^ flickr
- ^ Christopher Cradock Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Sources
- "Good Hope Sunk". The Times. No. 40689. 7 November 1914. p. 9.
- "The late Admiral Cradock". The Times. No. 40696. 14 November 1914. p. 11.
- Robert Massie (2004). Castles of steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War at sea. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-04092-8.
- Arthur Marder (1961–1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow (5 Vols). London: Oxford University Press.
Further reading
- Cradock, Christopher (1889). Sporting notes in the Far East. Griffith Farran Okeden & Welsh.
- Cradock, Christopher (1894). Wrinkles in Seamanship.
- Cradock, Christopher (1908). Whispers from the Fleet.
External links
- The Dreadnought Project: Christopher Cradock
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
- 1862 births
- 1914 deaths
- Captains who went down with the ship
- Royal Navy admirals of World War I
- Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
- Companions of the Order of the Bath
- British military personnel killed in World War I
- Royal Navy personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
- People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
- 19th-century British writers
- 20th-century British writers