Cobitidae

Cobitidae
Cobitis biwae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Cypriniformes
Family:	Cobitidae Swainson, 1838
Genera
Acantopsis Aperioptus Bibarba Canthophrys Cobitis Iksookimia Kichulchoia Koreocobitis Kottelatlimia Lepidocephalichthys Lepidocephalus Microcobitis Misgurnus Neoeucirrhichthys Niwaella Pangio Paralepidocephalus Paramisgurnus Protocobitis Sabanejewia Theriodes

The Cobitidae, the true loaches, are a family of Old World freshwater fish. They occur throughout Eurasia and in Morocco, and inhabit riverine ecosystems. Today, most "loaches" are placed in other families (see below). The family includes about 185 described species. New species are being described regularly.

Description and ecology

The body forms of the Cobitidae tend to be vermiform – worm-shaped, long and thin. Most true loaches do not have true scales, and like many other Cypriniformes or catfishes, they have barbels at their mouths (usually three to six pairs). Some other traits typically found in this family are a small bottom-facing mouth suited to their scavenging benthic lifestyle, an erectile spine below the eye, and a single row of pharyngeal (throat) teeth.

True loaches are mostly scavengers and are omnivorous, usually not very picky about their food. They may eat aquatic crustaceans, insects, and other small invertebrates, as well as scraps of organic detritus. Many live in eutrophic waters of generally poor quality and feed on tubifex worms and similar benthos associated with such habitat. Some of these loaches have adapted to low oxygen levels in warm, muddy rivers or dirty ponds by being able to gulp up atmospheric oxygen. Some species, particularly from the genera Cobitis and especially Misgurnus, are sensitive to changing air pressure. They change their behavior accordingly, and as these changes in activity are usually followed by a change in weather, they are commonly known as "weatherfishes" or "weather loaches".

Some Cobitidae have been introduced to foreign lands, where they may pose problems to local wildlife as invasive species. Other true loaches, many of them migratory fish, have been seriously affected by habitat destruction, chemical pollution, and damming, and are considered threatened species today. Some migratory species are popular aquarium fish and since they are very hard to raise in captivity, overfishing has seriously depleted once-common stocks in several cases.

Systematics

The other "loaches" used to be included in this family, but nowadays are recognized as well-distinct members of the order Cypriniformes. Together with the suckers (Catostomidae), the "loaches" made up the superfamily Cobitoidea. However, the sucking loaches (Gyrinocheilidae) were easily recognizable as relatives of the suckers.

Eventually, the hillstream loaches, though more similar to the true loaches than the other two presumed Cobitoidea, were recognized as distinct enough to be better regarded a family in their own right - Balitoridae. And as it seems the "sucking Cobitoidea" are quite distant indeed, perhaps even markedly closer to the Cyprinidae, thus the old superfamily Catostomoidea warrants revalidation. Finally, the puzzling mountain carps were most often considered the distinct family Psilorhynchidae in recent times. In a number of systematic schemes, though, they were placed in the Balitoridae (or Balitorinae, when these were included in the Cobitidae). In fact, they seem to be loach-like carps and belong in the Cyprinidae.

In 2012, Maurice Kottelat reviewed the loaches and elevated the former subfamily Botiinae to its own family, Botiidae, and established the family Serpenticobitidae for the genus Serpenticobitis.

Misgurnus fossilis

Canthophrys gongota

Use by humans

Some true loaches are popular as food fish in East Asian countries such as Japan. These are of importance in the fisheries or being raised in aquaculture. Small species may occasionally be caught for bait.

As aquarium fish

Pangio kuhlii

Many of the more brightly colored species are popular with freshwater aquarists, so are therefore of importance in the aquarium trade. Some Cobitidae often encountered in aquarium trade include:

• Dojo loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
• Horseface loach, Acantopsis choirorhynchus

Cultural references

Loaches of some sort have been present in several video games:

• In the Nintendo 64 game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, the largest fish one can catch is the "Hylian loach". It has a long, low dorsal fin unlike Cobitidae, and looks much like a mix between a Misgurnus true loach and the northern snakehead (Channa argus) which is not a loach; both these fishes are quite familiar across East Asia.
• The Hylian loach is also present in the fishing minigame in Nintendo Gamecube/Wii game The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess.
• Loaches also appear in the Nintendo DS game Animal Crossing: Wild World and its Wii sequel, Animal Crossing: City Folk. They are small fish found in rivers from March to May. Not rare, one specimen sells for a mere 300 bells (as much as a black bass); thus, it is apparently not – as the player character wonders when catching one – a Hylian loach. The icon, though very restricted in resolution, is a correct depiction of a loach with a color pattern resembling some East Asian species of Cobitis.

Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 Act 2 has:

"Why, they will allow us ne'er a jordan, and then we leak in your chimney; and your chamber-lie breeds fleas like a loach."

This might be a misprint, or an obsolete term for a dovecote, then as today notorious for "breeding" Ceratophyllus columbae fleas. Or it might indeed refer to the fish: the spined loach (Cobitis taenia), native to England, is very prolific, and the phrase can be taken to imply "...hosts fleas as abundantly as the spiny loach spawns".

See also

• List of fish families