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Coloradoite

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Coloradoite
Coloradoite from the La Plata District of Colorado
General
CategoryTelluride mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		HgTe
Strunz classification02.CB.05a
Crystal systemCubic
Space groupIsometric hextetrahedral
H–M Symbol: (43m)
Space group: F43m
Unit cella = 6.453 Å; Z = 4
Identification
ColorIron-black inclining to gray
Crystal habitMassive, granular
FractureUneven to subconchordial
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness2.5
LusterBright metallic
StreakBlack
DiaphaneityOpaque
Specific gravity8.10
References[1][2][3]

Coloradoite, also known as mercury telluride (HgTe), is a rare telluride ore associated with metallic deposit (especially gold and silver). Gold usually occurs within tellurides, such as coloradoite, as a high-finess native metal.[4]

The quest for mining led to the discovery of telluride ores which were found to be associated with metals. Tellurides are ingrown into ores containing these precious metals and are also responsible for a significant amount these metals being produced. Coloradoite is a member of the coordination subclass of tellurides is a covalent compound that is isostructural with sphalerite (ZnS).[5] Its chemical properties are highly instrumental in distinguishing it from other tellurides. First discovered in Colorado in 1877, other deposits containing coloradoite have been discovered since then. Although it plays an important role in the geology of minerals, it can also be used for other purposes.

Introduction

Telluride ores occur mainly with metal deposits. In 1848, C.T. Jackson was the first to discover an American mineral containing the element tellurium in the Whitehall mine, in Spotsylvania County, near Fredericksburg, Virginia.[6] Tellurides of gold were first discovered in 1782 in Transylvania and subsequently other telluride ores were found in other parts of the world (Mark and Scibird, 1908). The first discovery and description of coloradoite was by Frederick Augustus Genth in the Boulder veins of Colorado in 1877[7] and so named after the place of discovery. Other studies have reported its occurrence in other mines of the region and also in mines of the world's significant telluride locations. First classified in the 02 class of minerals by James Dana,[8] its classification number is 02.08.02.05. It is also has a Strunz classification of 02.CB.05a, as a metal sulfide with gold, silver, iron, copper and other metals.[9]

Composition

The chemical formula for coloradoite is HgTe. Theoretically the composition (%) of HgTe is Hg 61.14, Te 38.86;[10] Table 1 shows results from a chemical analyses reported by Vlasov on samples collected from two different locations. Because it is found with other telluride ores, it carries some other metals like gold and silver.[11] In its pure form, it has the composition mentioned above. A little hard to identify, petzite which is hazardous could be mistaken for coloradoite, on the other hand, petzite is anisotropic as opposed to coloradoite being an isotropic mineral.[12] It is a binary compound with the general formula AX.

Table 1. Results of chemical analyses of coloradoite (%)[10]
Components Kalgoorlie, Western Australia Lakeshore, Ontario
Hg 60.95 61.62 58.55
Pb - - 1.60
Te 39.98 38.43 39.10
Insoluble residue - - 0.25
Total 100.33 100.05 99.50

Structure

Coloradoite has a sphalerite structure also known as the "diamond" or "blende" structure; a face centered cubic array in which Hg2+ are in tetrahedral coordination with Te2−, with a stacking sequence of ABCABC.[13] The tetrahedral in the sphalerite group a joined together through their apices and rotated through 60̊ with respect to each other.[14] Figure 1 shows the atomic structure of coloradoite. The structure is a unit cube with the Te2− ions at the corners and face centers. The four mercury atoms are coordinated so that each mercury atom lies at the center of a regular tetrahedron of tellurium atoms and each tellurium lies at the center of a regular tetrahedron of mercury atoms. Its crystal point group of 43m and space group is F43m.[1] It is a covalent compound with a high proportion of metallic bonding, due to its low valencies and even lower interatomic distances . It is also isotropic, meaning it has just one refractive index.[5]

Physical properties

Coloradoite is a brittle, massively granular mineral, with a hardness of 2.5.[10] It has a metallic luster, which could be explained by the presence of metallic bonding in the crystal. Its specific gravity is 8.10 and is an opaque mineral with colors iron-black inclining to gray; in polished sections, and white with slight grayish brown tint, tarnishing to dull purple. Its fracture is uneven to subconchordial with a cell length of 6.44 angstroms.[1] For ease of identification, its etching tests are as follows; With HNO3 it slowly produces a weak brown variegated deposit that acts as a protector to the surface and can be removed completely; with aqua regia it effervesces and produces a weak deposit that can be rubbed off and white, radiating spherules are formed, reaction with FeCl3 yields a browning of the surface at different rates and produces black rims of droplet.[12] Reactions with HCl, KCN, KOH and HgCl2 yield no precipitates or residue as opposed to petzite which turns dark brown with HNO3.[12]

Geologic occurrence

Coloradoite was first discovered in 1877 by F. A. Genth, from the Smuggler Mine at Balarat and the Keystone and Mountain Lion mines of the Magnolia district in Colorado;[7] it was named after the state it was found in. Later studies showed its existence in other mines of the region as well as Kalgoorlie, Australia and Kirkland Lake District, Canada. It is found in large quantities in ores made up of intergrown tellurium, calverite or sylvanite, melonite and altaite, as anhedral grains either enclosed in single crystals of tellurium or localized along grain boundaries in tellurium aggregates, among others.[7] The tectonic settings for ore deposits are; (a) Magmatic deposits (Waarkraal, South Africa) (b) Contact metasomatic (Nickel Plate mine, British Columbia, (c) Lode and Massive replacement deposits (Kirkland Lake, Ontario and South Dakota, respectively), and (d) Cavity filling (Cripple Creek, Colorado, Kalgoorlie, Australia). Tellurides are accountable for just about 20% of gold production and gold mineralization is hosted chiefly by Archean-aged dolerites and basalts that have been metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. This mineralization occurs in hundreds of auriferous and telluride-bearing lodes.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A; Bkadh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C. (1990) "Coloradoite" in Handbook of Mineralogy. Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts. Mineral Data Publishing. Tucson, Arizona. p. 105. ISBN 0962209708.
  2. ^ Coloradoite. Mindat.org
  3. ^ Coloradoite. Webmineral
  4. ^ Fadda, S., Fiori, M., Silvana and Grillo, M. (2005). "Chemical variations in tetrahedrite - tennantite minerals from the Furtei epithermal Au deposit, Sardinia, Italy: Mineral zoning and ore fluids evolution" (PDF). Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology. 43. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 79–84.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Povarennykh, A. S (1972). Crystal Chemical classification of minerals. Vol I, pp. 120–121
  6. ^ Kemp, J. F. (1989) Geological occurrence and Associates of The Telluride Gold Ores: The Mining Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade in the United States and Other Countries.Vol. 6, p. 296
  7. ^ a b c Kelly, William C. and Edwin N. Goddard (1969). "Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado". The Geological Society of America Inc. Memoir 109, pp. 79–80
  8. ^ Dana, E. S. (1904) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana: 1837–1868; Descriptive Mineralogy. 6th Edition.
  9. ^ Strunz, H., Nickel H. E. (2009) Strunz mineralogical tables: chemical-structural mineral classification system. 9th Edition.
  10. ^ a b c Vlasov, K. A. (1966) Geochemistry and Mineralogy of rare Elements and Genetic Types of Their Deposits. Volume II Mineralogy of Rare Elements. Israel Program for Scientific Translation. pp. 740–741
  11. ^ Wallace, J. P. (1908) A study of Ore Deposits for the Practical Miner with descriptions of Ore Minerals.
  12. ^ a b c Ramdohr, P. (1980) The Ore minerals and their intergrowths. Second edition. Volume II, Pergamon Press. p. 524. ISBN 0080238017.
  13. ^ Klein, C., Dutrow, B. (2007) The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral Science (After JD Dana). Wiley, Hoboken
  14. ^ Stanton, R. L. (1972), Ore petrology: New York, McGraw-Hill
  15. ^ Shackleton, J. M., G. Spry, P. G., and Bateman, R. (2003). "Telluride Mineralogy of The Golden Mile Deposit, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia". The Canadian Mineralogist. 41 (6): 1503–1524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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