View source for Cranberry

{{Short description|Plant species bearing edible fruit}}
{{About|a group of plant species|the rock band|The Cranberries|other uses||}}
{{Redirect-synonym|Wild cranberry|[[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2018}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Cranberries
| image = Cranberry bog.jpg
| image_caption = Cranberry bush with fruit partially submerged in [[bog]]
| image_upright = 1.1
| taxon = Vaccinium subg. Oxycoccus
| authority = (Hill) A.Gray
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = ''[[Vaccinium erythrocarpum]]''<br />
''[[Vaccinium japonicum]]''<br />
''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon]]''<br />
''[[Vaccinium microcarpum]]''<br />
''[[Vaccinium oxycoccos]]''
}}
[[File:Cranberrymap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. ''Oxycoccus'': Red: common cranberry. Orange: small cranberry. Green: American cranberry.]]
[[File:cranberries20101210.jpg|thumb|Raw cranberries]]
[[File:Cranberry harvest, Kingston Massachusetts.jpg|thumb|Cranberry harvest]]
'''Cranberries''' are a group of [[evergreen]] [[dwarf shrub]]s or trailing vines in the [[subgenus]] '''''Oxycoccus''''' of the genus ''[[Vaccinium]]''. Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to {{convert|2|m|ft|0|sp=us}} long and {{Convert|5|to|20|cm|0|sp=us}} in height; they have slender stems that are not thickly woody and have small [[evergreen]] leaves. The flowers are dark pink. The fruit is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe. It is edible, but has an acidic taste.

In Britain, ''cranberry'' may refer to the native species ''[[Vaccinium oxycoccos]]'',<ref name="Stac10" /> while in North America, ''cranberry'' may refer to ''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon|V. macrocarpon]]''.<ref name="usdaplants">{{PLANTS|symbol=VAMA|taxon=Vaccinium macrocarpon|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> ''Vaccinium oxycoccos'' is cultivated in central and northern Europe, while ''V.&nbsp;macrocarpon'' is cultivated throughout the northern United States, Canada and Chile.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |title=How Cranberries Grow: "Cranberries 101" – An Introduction |url=http://www.cranberries.org/cranberries/grow_intro.html |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=Cape Cod Cranberry Growers' Association |archive-date=6 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206023238/http://www.cranberries.org/cranberries/grow_intro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In some methods of classification, ''Oxycoccus'' is regarded as a genus in its own right.<ref>{{cite web |author=Steven Clemants |title=''Vaccinium oxycoccos'': Small Cranberry, Technical Page |url=http://nymf.bbg.org/profile_species_tech.asp?id=412 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823125439/http://nymf.bbg.org/profile_species_tech.asp?id=412 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=26 March 2011 |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref> Cranberries can be found in [[acid]]ic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

In 2020, the U.S., Canada, and Chile accounted for 97% of the world production of cranberries. Most cranberries are processed into products such as [[cranberry juice|juice]], sauce, jam, and sweetened [[Dried cranberry|dried cranberries]], with the remainder sold fresh to consumers. [[Cranberry sauce]] is a traditional accompaniment to turkey at Christmas and [[Thanksgiving]] dinners in the U.S. and Canada, and at Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/nov/19/give-thanks-for-cranberries-grown-with-a-taste|date=19 November 2009|access-date=20 November 2009|title=Garden Tips: Give thanks for cranberries, grown with a taste of Florida|author=Carol Cloud Bailey|publisher=Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group|work=TCPalm.com}}</ref>

== Description and species ==
Cranberries are low, creeping shrubs or vines up to {{convert|2|m|ft|0|sp=us}} long and {{Convert|5|to|20|cm|0|sp=us}} in height;<ref>{{cite web |title=About Cranberries |url=http://www.cranberryinstitute.org/about_cranberry.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109050831/http://www.cranberryinstitute.org/about_cranberry.htm |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=13 November 2009 |publisher=Cranberry Institute}}</ref> they have slender, wiry stems that are not thickly woody and have small [[evergreen]] leaves. The flowers are dark pink, with very distinct reflexed petals, leaving the [[Gynoecium|style]] and [[stamen]]s fully exposed and pointing forward. They are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] that is larger than the leaves of the plant; it is initially light green, turning red when ripe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Gabriel |title=Cranberries: A colorful and nutritious fruit |url=https://extension.sdstate.edu/cranberries-colorful-and-nutritious-fruit |access-date=2023-10-20 |publisher=South Dakota State University Extension |language=en-us}}</ref> It has an acidic taste which usually overwhelms its sweetness.

There are 4–5 species of cranberry, classified by [[subgenus]]:<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/cranberry|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica: Cranberry|date=23 October 2023 }}</ref>

===Subgenus ''Oxycoccus''===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Name !! Description !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Журавлина.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Vaccinium oxycoccos]]'' or ''Oxycoccus palustris'' (common cranberry, northern cranberry or cranberry) ||  It has small {{cvt|5|–|10|mm|in|frac=8}} leaves, with an inrolled margin. The flowers are dark pink, with a purple central spike, produced on finely hairy stalks. The fruit is a small pale pink to red [[berry (botany)|berry]], with a refreshing sharp acidic flavor.|| Widespread throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia, and northern North America.
|-
|[[File:20121015-FS-UNK-0009 (8090982330).jpg|120px]]||''[[Vaccinium microcarpum]]'' or ''Oxycoccus microcarpus'' (small cranberry) || It is highly similar to ''V. oxycoccos'', differing in the leaves being more triangular, and the flower stems hairless; additionally, their stems can also be smaller and produce a smaller number of flowers than ''V.&nbsp;ocycoccos''. They also differ in the fact that their leaves can be smaller in size, even though the main difference is their triangular shape.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235743745 |title=''Vaccinium Oxycoccos'' L. (''Oxycoccus Palustris'' Pers.) and ''Vaccinium Microcarpum'' (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (''Oxycoccus Microcarpus'' Turcz. ex Rupr.) |doi= 10.2307/2960511 |first=Anne-Laure |last=Jacquemart |journal= Journal of Ecology |volume= 85 |issue= 3 |year= 1997 |pages= 381–396 |jstor=2960511 |bibcode=1997JEcol..85..381J }}</ref> Some botanists include it within ''V. oxycoccos''.||Occurs in northern North America,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.borealforest.org/shrubs/shrub29.htm |title=''Oxycoccus microcarpus'' Small Cranberry |publisher=Lakehead University |author=Faculty of Natural Resources Management |website=borealforest.org }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> northern Europe and northern Asia.
|-
|[[File:Vaccinium macrocarpon 15-p.bot-vacci.macro-17.jpg|120px]]||''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon]]'' or ''Oxycoccus macrocarpus'' (large cranberry, American cranberry, bearberry) || It differs from ''V. oxycoccos'' in the leaves being larger, {{cvt|10|–|20|mm|in|frac=8}} long, and flat, and in the slightly apple-like taste of the berries. ||Native to northern North America across Canada, and eastern United States, south to [[North Carolina]] at high altitudes). 
|-
|}

===Subgenus ''Oxycoccus'', sect. ''Oxycoccoides''===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Name !! Description !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Vaccinium erythrocarpum in bud.jpg|frameless]]
|''[[Vaccinium erythrocarpum]]'' or ''Oxycarpus erythrocarpus'' (southern mountain cranberry, bearberry) ||  This species differs significantly from sect. ''oxycoccus'' cranberries particularly in growth habit. A deciduous shrub, their flowers are borne in June of a tubular shape with reflexed petals consistent with the rest of the subgenera. They produce edible scarlet berries described as being seemingly translucent. || Native to southeastern United States at high altitudes in the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]]
|-
|[[File:Vaccinium japonicum (flower).jpg|frameless]]
|''[[Vaccinium japonicum]]''
|They are typically found in forests and thickets within alpine areas between {{Convert|1000 - 2600|m}}.
|Native to Southern China, Taiwan, the Japanese archipelago, and the Korean Peninsula
|}

=== Similar species ===
Cranberries are related to [[bilberries]], [[blueberries]], and [[huckleberries]], all in ''Vaccinium'' subgenus ''Vaccinium''. These differ in having bell-shaped flowers, petals that are not reflexed, and woodier stems, forming taller shrubs.<ref name=":1" />

== Etymology ==
[[File:Vaccinum oxycoccos 120604.jpg|thumb|''Vaccinium oxycoccos'' flowers]]
The name ''cranberry'' derives from the [[Middle Low German]] ''kraanbere'' (English translation, ''craneberry''), first named as ''cranberry'' in English by the missionary [[John Eliot (missionary)|John Eliot]] in 1647.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Cranberry (''Vaccinium macrocarpon'') : FAQ |url=https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=177896&p=1169823 |publisher=Research Guides, University of Wisconsin Libraries, Madison, WI |access-date=7 December 2017 |date=2017}}</ref> Around 1694, German and Dutch colonists in [[New England]] used the word, cranberry, to represent the expanding flower, [[Plant stem|stem]], [[calyx (flower)|calyx]], and petals resembling the neck, head, and bill of a [[crane (bird)|crane]].<ref name="oed">{{cite web |title=Cranberry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/cranberry |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper |access-date=7 December 2017 |date=2017}}</ref><ref name="aps">{{cite journal |author1=Caruso FL |author2=Bristow PR |author3=Oudemans PV |title=Cranberries: The Most Intriguing Native North American Fruit |journal=Apsnet Feature Articles |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Cranberries.aspx |access-date=7 December 2017 |doi=10.1094/APSnetFeature-2000-1100 |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003544/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Cranberries.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The traditional English name for the plant more common in Europe, ''Vaccinium oxycoccos'', [[:ang:Fenberȝe|fenberry]], originated from plants with small red berries found growing in [[fen]] (marsh) lands of England.<ref name=oed/>[[File:Jonathan eastman johnson cranberry harvest.jpg|thumb|''The Cranberry Harvest on the Island of [[Nantucket, Massachusetts|Nantucket]]'', [[Eastman Johnson]], 1880.]]

==Cultivation==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2021}}
[[American Revolutionary War]] veteran [[Henry Hall (American)|Henry Hall]] first cultivated cranberries in the [[Cape Cod]] town of [[Dennis (CDP), Massachusetts|Dennis]] around 1816.<ref name="aps" /> In the 1820s, Hall was shipping cranberries to New York City and [[Boston]] from which shipments were also sent to Europe.<ref name="aps" /> In 1843, [[Eli Howes]] planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod, using the "Howes" variety. In 1847, Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of "Early Black" variety near Pleasant Lake, Harwich, Massachusetts.[[File:Cranberry farm.jpg|thumb|Cranberry farm]]
By 1900, {{Convert|21500|acre|ha|order=flip}} were under cultivation in the New England region.<ref name="aps" /> In 2021, the total output of cranberries harvested in the United States was {{convert|790|e6lb|t||abbr=off|order=flip|sp=us}}, with [[Wisconsin]] as the largest state producer (59% of total), followed by [[Massachusetts]] and [[Oregon]].<ref name="ers">{{cite web |date=24 November 2021 |title=Cranberry production in top-producing States to increase modestly in 2021 |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/chart-gallery/gallery/chart-detail/?chartId=102649 |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture}}</ref>
=== Geography and bog method ===
[[File:Cranberrys beim Ernten.jpeg|thumb|right|Cranberry harvest]]

Historically, cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands. Today's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table. The topsoil is scraped off to form [[dyke (construction)|dykes]] around the bed perimeter. Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of {{convert|10|to|20|cm|in|0|sp=us}}. The surface is [[laser level]]ed flat to provide even drainage. Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch. In addition to making it possible to hold water, the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines. Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide [[irrigation]] for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection.

A [[List of common misconceptions|common misconception]] about cranberry production is that the beds remain flooded throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morales |first=Christina |date=November 17, 2022 |title=How Jellied Cranberry Sauce Is Made |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/dining/canned-jellied-cranberry-sauce-thanksgiving.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117053845/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/dining/canned-jellied-cranberry-sauce-thanksgiving.html |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hutton |first=Rachel |date=November 16, 2023 |title=There's only one cranberry farm in Minnesota, and it's run by a 21-year-old woman and her brother |url=https://www.startribune.com/cranberry-harvest-minnesota-wisconsin-ocean-spray-forster/600320148/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref> During the growing season cranberry beds are not flooded, but are irrigated regularly to maintain soil moisture. Beds are flooded in the autumn to facilitate harvest and again during the winter to protect against low temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ag.umass.edu/cranberry/about/cranberry|title=The Cranberry|date=7 August 2015|website=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> In cold climates like Wisconsin, New England, and eastern Canada, the winter flood typically freezes into ice, while in warmer climates the water remains liquid. When ice forms on the beds, trucks can be driven onto the ice to spread a thin layer of sand to control pests and rejuvenate the vines. Sanding is done every three to five years.

=== Propagation ===
Cranberry vines are propagated by moving vines from an established bed. The vines are spread on the surface of the sand of the new bed and pushed into the sand with a blunt disk. The vines are watered frequently during the first few weeks until roots form and new shoots grow. Beds are given frequent, light application of nitrogen fertilizer during the first year.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Carolyn J. DeMoranville |author2=Hilary A. Sandler |author3=Frank L. Caruso |name-list-style=amp |title=Planting New Cranberry Beds: Recommendations and management |url=http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/downloads/Planting%20New%20Cranberry%20Beds.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529141004/http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/downloads/Planting%20New%20Cranberry%20Beds.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-29 |url-status=live |date=June 2001 |publisher=University of Massachusetts, Cranberry Experiment Station |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> The cost of renovating cranberry beds is estimated to be between {{convert |30000|and|50000 |$/acre|$/ha |abbr=off|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alternative 4 – Bog Renovation for Cranberry Growing |website=Town of Carlisle, Massachusetts |access-date=5 May 2018 |url=http://www.carlislema.gov/pages/carlislema_concomm/Alternatives%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20Carlisle%27s%20Cranberry%20Bog%202017/Reports%20on%20the%20Ten%20Alternatives/11%20-%20Alternative%204%20-%20Bog%20Renovation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173614/http://www.carlislema.gov/pages/carlislema_concomm/Alternatives%20for%20the%20Future%20of%20Carlisle%27s%20Cranberry%20Bog%202017/Reports%20on%20the%20Ten%20Alternatives/11%20-%20Alternative%204%20-%20Bog%20Renovation.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Ripening and harvest ===
[[File:Child labor, cranberry bog, Burlington County, New Jersey, 8a10151.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Arthur Rothstein]], ''Child Labor, Cranberry Bog'', 1939. [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]
[[File:Harvesting cranberries 2.jpg|thumb|Cranberry harvest (wet-picking)]]
Cranberries are harvested in the fall when the fruit takes on its distinctive deep red color, and most ideally after the first frost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Angier|first=Bradford|url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/66/mode/2up|title=Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1974|isbn=0-8117-0616-8|location=Harrisburg, PA|pages=66|oclc=799792|author-link=Bradford Angier}}</ref> Berries that receive sun turn a deep red when fully ripe, while those that do not fully mature are a pale pink or white color. This is usually in September through the first part of November. To harvest cranberries, the beds are flooded with {{convert|15|to|20|cm|in|sp=us|0}} of water above the vines. A harvester is driven through the beds to remove the fruit from the vines. For the past 50 years{{when|date=November 2023}}, water reel type harvesters have been used. Harvested cranberries float in the water and can be corralled into a corner of the bed and conveyed or pumped from the bed. From the farm, cranberries are taken to receiving stations where they are cleaned, sorted, and stored prior to packaging or processing. While cranberries are harvested when they take on their deep red color, they can also be harvested beforehand when they are still white, which is how white cranberry juice is made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stonebridgefarmevents.com/wet-picking/|title=Wet Picking|website=Stone Bridge Farm|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507021146/https://stonebridgefarmevents.com/wet-picking/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yields are lower on beds harvested early and the early flooding tends to damage vines, but not severely. Vines can also be trained through dry picking to help avoid damage in subsequent harvests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/cranberry/pubs/bmp_fruit.html|title=Fresh Fruit Production BMP: Publications UMass Cranberry Station|website=www.umass.edu|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

Although most cranberries are wet-picked as described above, 5–10% of the US crop is still dry-picked. This entails higher labor costs and lower yield, but dry-picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed. Originally performed with two-handed comb scoops, dry picking is today accomplished by motorized, walk-behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines.

Cranberries for fresh market are stored in shallow bins or boxes with perforated or slatted bottoms, which deter decay by allowing air to circulate. Because harvest occurs in late autumn, cranberries for fresh market are frequently stored in thick walled barns without mechanical refrigeration. Temperatures are regulated by opening and closing vents in the barn as needed. Cranberries destined for processing are usually frozen in bulk containers shortly after arriving at a receiving station.

=== Diseases ===
{{main|List of Vaccinium diseases|label 1=List of ''Vaccinium'' diseases}}
Diseases of cranberry include:
*[[Cranberry fruit rot]]
*[[Cranberry root rot]]
*Cranberry falseblossom disease, caused by a [[phytoplasma]] that is [[disease vector|vectored]] by the blunt nosed leafhopper (''[[Limotettix]] vaccinii'')

=== Production ===
In 2022, world production of cranberry was 582,924 [[tonne]]s, with the United States and Canada together accounting for 99% of the total.<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Cranberry production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|year=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> [[Wisconsin]] (59% of US production) and [[Quebec]] (60% of Canadian production) are two of the largest producers of cranberries in the two countries.<ref name=ers/><ref name="payne">{{cite web |author1=Ronda Payne |title=Crazy for cranberries in Canada |url=https://www.fruitandveggie.com/crazy-for-cranberries-in-canada-20713/ |publisher=Fruit & Vegetable, Annex Business Media |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=2 July 2019}}</ref> Cranberries are also a major commercial crop in [[Massachusetts]], [[New Jersey]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]],<ref name=ers/><ref>{{cite web |title=Cranberry cultivation |url=http://www.uscranberries.com/about-cranberries/cultivation/ |publisher=US Cranberries |access-date=18 October 2018 |date=2018}}</ref> as well as in the Canadian province of [[British Columbia]] (33% of Canadian production).<ref name=payne/>

== Possible safety concerns ==
The [[anticoagulant]] effects of [[warfarin]] may be increased by consuming cranberry juice, resulting in [[adverse effect]]s such as increased incidence of bleeding and [[bruising]].<ref name="mskcc" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pham DQ, Pham AQ |date=March 2007 |title=Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin |journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=490–4 |doi=10.2146/ajhp060370 |pmid=17322161}}</ref> Other safety concerns from consuming large quantities of cranberry juice or using cranberry supplements include potential for nausea, and  increasing stomach inflammation, sugar intake or [[kidney stone]] formation.<ref name="mskcc" />

== Uses ==
{{Cookbook|Cranberry}}

=== Nutrition ===

{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Cranberries, raw
| kcal = 46
| water = 87 g
| protein = 0.5 g
| fat = 0.1 g
| carbs = 12 g
| fiber = 3.6 g
| sugars = 4.3 g
| calcium_mg = 8
| iron_mg = 0.2
| magnesium_mg = 6
| manganese_mg = 0.36
| phosphorus_mg = 11
| potassium_mg = 80
| sodium_mg = 2
| zinc_mg = 0.1
| vitC_mg = 14
| pantothenic_mg = 0.295
| vitB6_mg = 0.057
| folate_ug = 1
| thiamin_mg = 0.012
| riboflavin_mg = 0.02
| niacin_mg = 0.101
| vitE_mg = 1.3
| vitK_ug = 5
| source_usda = 1
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102706/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Raw cranberries are 87% water, 12% [[carbohydrate]]s, and contain negligible [[protein]] and fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw cranberries supply 46 [[calorie]]s and moderate levels of [[vitamin C]], [[dietary fiber]], and the essential [[dietary mineral]] [[manganese]], each with more than 10% of its [[Daily Value]]. Other [[micronutrient]]s have low content (table).

[[dried cranberry|Dried cranberries]] are commonly processed with up to 10 times their natural [[added sugar|sugar content]].<ref name="USDA-dried">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Cranberries, dried (survey) |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102630/nutrients |accessdate=25 April 2021 |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture}}</ref> The drying process also eliminates vitamin C content.<ref name="USDA-dried" />

=== History ===
In North America, the [[Narragansett people]] of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian nation]] in the regions of [[New England]] appeared to be using cranberries in [[pemmican]] for food and for dye.<ref name="aps" /> Calling the red berries, ''sasemineash'', the Narragansett people may have introduced cranberries to colonists in [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="aps" /> In 1550, James White Norwood made reference to Native Americans using cranberries, and it was the first reference to American cranberries up until this point.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Broussard |first1=Melissa |last2=Rao |first2=Sujaya |last3=Stephen |first3=William P. |last4=White |first4=Linda |date=June 2011 |title=Native Bees, Honeybees, and Pollination in Oregon Cranberries |journal=HortScience |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=885–888 |doi=10.21273/hortsci.46.6.885 |issn=0018-5345 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In James Rosier's book ''The Land of Virginia'' there is an account of Europeans coming ashore and being met with Native Americans bearing bark cups full of cranberries. In Plymouth, Massachusetts, there is a 1633 account of the husband of Mary Ring auctioning her cranberry-dyed petticoat for 16 shillings. In 1643, [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Roger Williams]]'s book ''[[A Key into the Language of America]]'' described cranberries, referring to them as "bearberries" because bears ate them. In 1648, preacher John Elliott was quoted in [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard's]] book ''Clear Sunshine of the Gospel'' with an account of the difficulties the Pilgrims were having in using the Indians to harvest cranberries as they preferred to hunt and fish. In 1663, the Pilgrim cookbook appears with a recipe for cranberry sauce. In 1667, New Englanders sent to [[Charles II of England|King Charles]] ten barrels of cranberries, three barrels of codfish and some Indian corn as a means of appeasement for his anger over their local coining of [[the pine tree shilling]]  minted by [[John Hull (merchant)|John Hull]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In 1669, Captain Richard Cobb had a banquet in his house (to celebrate both his marriage to Mary Gorham and his election to the Convention of Assistance), serving wild turkey with sauce made from wild cranberries. In the 1672 book ''New England Rarities Discovered'' author [[John Josselyn]] described cranberries, writing:<blockquote>Sauce for the Pilgrims, cranberry or bearberry, is a small trayling{{sic}} plant that grows in salt marshes that are overgrown with moss. The berries are of a pale yellow color, afterwards red, as big as a cherry, some perfectly round, others oval, all of them hollow with sower{{sic|nolink=y}} astringent taste; they are ripe in August and September. They are excellent against the Scurvy. They are also good to allay the fervor of hoof diseases. The Indians and English use them mush, boyling{{sic|nolink=y}} them with sugar for sauce to eat with their meat; and it is a delicate sauce, especially with roasted mutton. Some make tarts with them as with gooseberries.</blockquote>

''The Compleat Cook's Guide'', published in 1683, made reference to cranberry juice. In 1703, cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner. In 1787, [[James Madison]] wrote [[Thomas Jefferson]] in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]]. Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples, pecans and cranberries. [[William Aiton]], a Scottish botanist, included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work ''[[Hortus Kewensis]]''. He notes that ''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon]]'' (American cranberry) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760. In 1796, cranberries were served at the first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, and Amelia Simmons (an American orphan) wrote a book entitled ''American Cookery'' which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts.

===Products===
[[File:Dried-Cranberries.png|thumb|Dried cranberries]]
As fresh cranberries are hard, sour, and bitter, about 95% of cranberries are processed and used to make [[cranberry juice]] and sauce. They are also sold dried and sweetened.<ref name="zeldes">{{cite web | last = Zeldes | first = Leah A. | title = Eat this! Cranberries more than a thanksgiving condiment | work = Dining Chicago | publisher = Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. | date = 25 November 2009 | url = http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/11/25/eat-this-cranberries-more-than-a-thanksgiving-condiment/ | access-date = 25 November 2009 | archive-date = 1 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100201233420/http://blog.diningchicago.com/2009/11/25/eat-this-cranberries-more-than-a-thanksgiving-condiment/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=uw/> Cranberry juice is usually sweetened or blended with other fruit juices to reduce its natural tartness. At four teaspoons of sugar per 100 grams (one teaspoon per ounce), cranberry juice cocktail is more highly sweetened than even soda drinks that have been linked to obesity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calvan |first=Bobby Caina |title=Cranberry industry seeks to avoid school ban - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2012/06/24/under-siege-war-against-sugary-drinks-cranberry-industry-hopes-battle-back/4Ki1sEpAMI4cms9ZdgS9CK/story.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=BostonGlobe.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Usually cranberries as fruit are cooked into a [[compote]] or [[jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]], known as [[cranberry sauce]]. Such preparations are traditionally served with roast [[Turkey meat|turkey]], as a staple of Thanksgiving (both [[Thanksgiving (Canada)|in Canada]] and [[Thanksgiving (United States)|in the United States]]) as well as English dinners. The berry is also used in baking ([[muffin]]s, [[scones]], cakes and [[breads]]). In baking it is often combined with orange or [[orange zest]]. Less commonly, cranberries are used to add tartness to savory dishes such as soups and stews.<ref name="zeldes" />

Fresh cranberries can be frozen at home, and will keep up to nine months; they can be used directly in recipes without thawing.<ref name="uw">{{cite web|url=http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/content.php?pid=87646&sid=652165 |title=The American Cranberry-Basic Information on Cranberries |publisher=Library.wisc.edu |access-date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

There are several alcoholic cocktails, including the [[Cosmopolitan (cocktail)|cosmopolitan]], that include cranberry juice.

=== Health benefits ===
A 2023 [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] [[systematic review]] of 50 studies concluded there is evidence that consuming cranberry products (such as juice or capsules) is effective for reducing the risk of [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs) in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following clinical interventions; there was little evidence of effect in elderly people, those with [[Urination#Disorders|urination disorders]] or pregnant women.<ref name="Cochrane2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Stothart |first2=Christopher I. |last3=Hahn |first3=Deirdre |last4=Stephens |first4=Jacqueline H. |last5=Craig |first5=Jonathan C. |last6=Hodson |first6=Elisabeth M. |display-authors=3|date=2023-11-10 |title=Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=11 |pages=CD001321 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10636779 |pmid=37947276|pmc-embargo-date=November 10, 2024 }}</ref>

When the quality of [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] on the efficacy of consuming cranberry products for preventing or treating UTIs is examined with the weaker evidence that is available, large variation and uncertainty of effects are seen, resulting from inconsistencies of [[clinical research]] design and inadequate numbers of subjects.<ref name="liska">{{cite journal|pmc=4863270|year=2016|last1=Liska|first1=D. J.|title=Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?|journal=Advances in Nutrition|volume=7|issue=3|pages=498–506|last2=Kern|first2=H. J.|last3=Maki|first3=K. C.|doi=10.3945/an.115.011197|pmid=27184277}}</ref> In 2014, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] reviewed the evidence for one brand of cranberry extract and concluded that a [[causality|cause and effect relationship]] had not been established between cranberry consumption and reduced risk of UTIs.<ref name="efsa">{{cite journal |author=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) |title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to CranMax® and reduction of the risk of urinary tract infection by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061 |journal=EFSA Journal |date=May 2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |id=3657 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3657 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A 2022 review of international [[urology]] guidelines on UTI found that most clinical organizations felt the evidence for use of cranberry products to inhibit UTIs was conflicting, inconvincing or weak.<ref name="kwok">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Kwok M, McGeorge S, Mayer-Coverdale J, Graves B, Paterson DL, Harris PN, Esler R, Dowling C, Britton S, Roberts MJ |title=Guideline of guidelines: management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women (table 2) |journal=British Journal of Urology - International |volume=130 Suppl 3 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=11–22 |date=November 2022 |pmid=35579121 |pmc=9790742 |doi=10.1111/bju.15756 }}</ref>

== Research ==
=== Phytochemicals===
Raw cranberries, cranberry juice and cranberry extracts are a source of [[polyphenol]]s – including [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[flavonol]]s<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.06.001 |title=Flavonoid composition over fruit development and maturation in American cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait |year=2004 |last1=Vvedenskaya |first1=Irina O |last2=Vorsa |first2=Nicholi |journal=Plant Science |volume=167 |issue=5 |pages=1043|bibcode=2004PlnSc.167.1043V }}</ref> and [[quercetin]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duthie SJ, Jenkinson AM, Crozier A |title=The effects of cranberry juice consumption on antioxidant status and biomarkers relating to heart disease and cancer in healthy human volunteers |journal=Eur J Nutr |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=113–22 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16032375 |doi=10.1007/s00394-005-0572-9 |s2cid=46727119 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zheng W, Wang SY |title=Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=502–9 |date=January 2003 |pmid=12517117 |doi=10.1021/jf020728u |bibcode=2003JAFC...51..502Z }}</ref> These [[phytochemical]] compounds are being studied [[in vivo]] and [[in vitro]] for possible effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system and cancer.<ref name="blumberg">{{cite journal |pmid=24228191 |pmc=3823508 |year=2013 |last1=Blumberg |first1=JB |title=Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human health |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=618–32 |last2=Camesano |first2=TA |last3=Cassidy |first3=A |last4=Kris-Etherton |first4=P |last5=Howell |first5=A |last6=Manach |first6=C |last7=Ostertag |first7=LM |last8=Sies |first8=H |last9=Skulas-Ray |first9=A |last10=Vita |first10=JA |doi=10.3945/an.113.004473}}</ref><ref name="mskcc">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/cranberry |title=Cranberry |publisher=Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center |location=New York |date=2016}}</ref> However, there is no confirmation from human studies that consuming cranberry polyphenols provides anti-cancer, immune, or cardiovascular benefits.<ref name=mskcc/> Potential is limited by poor [[bioavailability|absorption]] and rapid excretion.<ref name=blumberg/>

Cranberry juice contains a high [[molecular mass|molecular weight]] non-[[Dialysis (chemistry)|dializable]] material that is under research for its potential to affect formation of [[Dental plaque|plaque]] by ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' pathogens that cause tooth decay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/content/article/115/111780 |title=Blocking tooth decay |author=Miranda Hill |publisher=Webmd.com |date=23 November 2005 |access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Koo, H. |author2=Nino de Guzman, P. |author3=Schobel, B.D. |author4=Vacca Smith, A.V. |author5= Bowen W.H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Influence of Cranberry Juice on Glucan-Mediated Processes Involved in Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Development. |journal=Caries Research |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=20–27 |date=January 2006 |doi=10.1159/000088901|pmid=16352876 |s2cid=22205175 }}</ref> Cranberry juice components are also being studied for possible effects on [[kidney stone]] formation.<ref name=mskcc/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K |title=Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation |journal=BJU Int. |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=765–8 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14616463 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04472.x|s2cid=39898498 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A |title=Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=1020–3 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12373623 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601442 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Extract quality ===
Problems may arise with the lack of validation for quantifying of [[A-type proanthocyanidin]]s (PAC) extracted from cranberries. For instance, PAC extract quality and content can be performed using different methods including the [[European Pharmacopoeia]] method, [[liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry]],<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.062|title=Characterisation of genuine and derived cranberry proanthocyanidins by LC–ESI-MS|year=2011|last1=Tarascou|first1=Isabelle|last2=Mazauric|first2=Jean-Paul|last3=Meudec|first3=Emmanuelle|last4=Souquet|first4=Jean-Marc|last5=Cunningham|first5=David|last6=Nojeim|first6=Steve|last7=Cheynier|first7=Véronique|last8=Fulcrand|first8=Hélène|display-authors=3|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=128|issue=3|pages=802}}</ref> or a modified [[4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde]] [[colorimetric]] method.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20549799|doi=10.1002/jsfa.3966|title=Multi-laboratory validation of a standard method for quantifying proanthocyanidins in cranberry powders|year=2010|last1=Prior|first1=Ronald L|last2=Fan|first2=Ellen|last3=Ji|first3=Hongping|last4=Howell|first4=Amy|last5=Nio|first5=Christian|last6=Payne|first6=Mark J|last7=Reed|first7=Jess|display-authors=3 |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=90|issue=9|pages=1473–8|bibcode=2010JSFA...90.1473P |doi-access=free}}</ref> Variations in extract analysis can lead to difficulties in assessing the quality of PAC extracts from different cranberry starting material, such as by regional origin, ripeness at time of harvest and post-harvest processing. Assessments show that quality varies greatly from one commercial PAC extract product to another.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf204912u|title=Comprehensive Assessment of the Quality of Commercial Cranberry Products. Phenolic Characterization and in Vitro Bioactivity|year=2012|last1=Sánchez-Patán|first1=Fernando|last2=Bartolomé|first2=Begoña|last3=Martín-Alvarez|first3=Pedro J.|last4=Anderson|first4=Mark|last5=Howell|first5=Amy|last6=Monagas|first6=María|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=60|issue=13|pages=3396–408|pmid=22439747|bibcode=2012JAFC...60.3396S |hdl=10261/101264}}</ref>

== Marketing and economics ==

===United States===
Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] and Christmas.
[[File:Annual Crops of Cranberries, 1907 to 1935, American Cranberry Exchange.png|thumb|left|Annual U.S. crops of cranberries, 1907 to 1935]]
In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under the [[Eatmor]] brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell.

With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The [[Ocean Spray (cooperative)|Ocean Spray]] cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for [[agricultural cooperative]]s. {{as of|2006}}, about 65% of the North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.umass.edu/resec/sites/default/files/19cranberryjan06_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024004/http://www.umass.edu/resec/sites/default/files/19cranberryjan06_0.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-11 |url-status=live |title=The Cranberry Industry and Ocean Spray Cooperative: Lessons in Cooperative Governance}}</ref>

In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] and won $200,000 in real damages plus triple damages,{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} just in time for the Great Cranberry Scare: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] [[Arthur S. Flemming]] announced that some of the 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide [[aminotriazole]]. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars.<ref name="zeldes" /> However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends.

Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $65.00 per barrel ({{convert|0.65|$/lb|$/kg|2 |disp=or}})—a cranberry barrel equals {{convert|100|lb|kg |sigfig=3 |disp=or|abbr=off}}—in 1996 then fell to $18.00 per barrel ({{convert|0.18|$/lb|$/kg|2|disp=or}}) in 2001. The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate.{{ref needed|date=October 2021}}

Cranberry handlers (processors) include [[Ocean Spray (cooperative)|Ocean Spray]], [[Cliffstar|Cliffstar Corporation]], Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Roper TR, Vorsa N |chapter=Cranberry: Botany and Horticulture |editor=Janick J |title=Horticultural Reviews |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1997 |pages=215–6 |isbn=978-0-471-18907-7 |chapter-url=http://www.pubhort.org/hr/hr21/HR_21_07_00000000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614123603/http://www.pubhort.org/hr/hr21/HR_21_07_00000000.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Cranberry Marketing Committee====
The Cranberry Marketing Committee is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About CMC » Cranberry Marketing Committee|url=https://www.uscranberries.com/about-cmc/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Cranberry Marketing Committee|language=en-US|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225150024/https://www.uscranberries.com/about-cmc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke the Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production.

The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York ([[Long Island]]). The authority for the actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress.  The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand the Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea.

===International trade===
{{as of|2016}}, the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberries: No Longer Just an American Tradition|url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/cranberries-no-longer-just-american-tradition|publisher=Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=4 November 2017|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China the second largest country importer, reaching $36&nbsp;million in cranberry products.<ref>{{cite news |title= Beyond Thanksgiving: The Humble Cranberry Takes Root in China |publisher= The Wall Street Journal|location= New York |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/beyond-thanksgiving-the-humble-cranberry-takes-root-in-china-1509793203|author=Jennifer Levitz|date=4 November 2017|access-date=4 November 2017}}</ref> The [[China–United States trade war]] resulted in many Chinese businesses cutting off ties with their U.S. cranberry suppliers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/10/06/763463639/how-the-trade-war-crushed-a-growing-chinese-market-for-u-s-cranberries|title=How The Trade War Crushed A Growing Chinese Market For U.S. Cranberries|last=Ma|first=Adrian|date=6 October 2019|work=NPR News|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Stac10>{{Citation |last=Stace |first=Clive |author-link = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 |page=512}}</ref>
}}

'''Further reading'''

* Cole, S. & Gifford, L. (2009). ''The Cranberry: Hard Work and Holiday Sauce''. Tilbury House Publishers.  {{ISBN|978-0-88448-316-8}}
* Trehane, J. (2009). ''Blueberries, Cranberries and Other Vacciniums''. Timber Press.  {{ISBN|978-1-60469-072-9}}

== External links ==
{{cookbook}}
{{Commons category-inline|Cranberries}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Cranberry}}
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102182245/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?18661 Sect. ''Oxycoccus''] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102182246/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?18658 Sect. ''Oxycoccoides'']
* [http://www.umass.edu/cranberry University of Massachusetts Amherst Cranberry Station] for information on cranberry research
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121029070614/http://www.library.wisc.edu/guides/agnic/cranberry/cranhome.html Cranberry Library Page] Hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=44426885&x=-89758258&z=15&l=0&m=s Wikimapia] An overhead view of a cranberry farm near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
* [http://pemaruccicenter.rutgers.edu/ Cranberry research at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey]
* [http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cranberry/ University of Massachusetts Cranberry Station] Hosted by the University of Massachusetts – Amherst
* [https://archive.org/stream/appletonsmagazin04newy#page/748/mode/2up "Harvest-Time in a Cranberry Bog"], ''The Booklovers Magazine'', December 1904. Internet Archive.

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[[Category:Cranberries|*]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Crops originating from the United States]]
[[Category:Vaccinium]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Canada]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]
[[Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans]]