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DNA teleportation

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DNA teleportation (also called DNA transduction) is a pseudoscientific claim that DNA produces electromagnetic signals (EMS), measurable when highly diluted in water. This signal can supposedly be recorded, transmitted electronically, and re-emitted on another distant pure water sample, where DNA can replicate through polymerase chain reaction despite the absence of the original DNA in the new water sample. [1] The idea was introduced by the French Nobel laureate Luc Montagnier in 2009.[2] It is similar in principle to water memory, another pseudoscientific concept popularised by another French scientist Jacques Benveniste in 1998.[3]

No independent research has supported the claim, and established science does not support this theory.[4] In 2015, Montagnier's team published another finding similar to the original one, but using bacterial and viral DNA. Here they claim that the electromagnetic waves could be explained in terms of quantum effect.[5]

Electromagnetic signals of DNA

Bacterial DNA

In 2009, Montagnier and his collaborators published a paper titled "Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences" in which they showed that bacterial DNA can produce electromagnetic signal (EMS) that is transferred through the cell culture medium.[2] They used the DNA of bacteria Micoplasma pirum and Escherichia coli cultured in a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) culture medium. They took the solution of the culture medium with all the bacteria filtered off. Absence of bacterial DNA was ascertained by polymerase chain reaction. When the solution was simply incubated for two or three weeks, the bacterial DNA was detected. They diluted the solution several times ans tested for electromagnetic radiation using Fourier analysis by a method developed by Jacques Benveniste and his team in 1996.[6] They detected electromagnetic frequencies only at high dilutions, such as ranging from 10−5 to 10−12.[2]

Viral DNA

In a subsequent paper published in the same year, they reported similar EMS from the DNA of HIV under high dilution of the culture medium.[7] They used the prototype virus, HIV1 strain (the discovery for which Montangier shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008[8]). The experiment is more sophisticated. They used CEM cells (T cell leukemia cells) to culture the virus (HIV infected the cells). No EMS was detected an any concentration. They tested blood samples of different HIV-infected patients, such as those showing symptoms of AIDS, treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), and untreated individuals. They found that EMS were detectable in plasma dilutions between 10−4 and 10−8. The blood samples were only from patients previously treated with ART and having no detectable viral DNA copies in their blood. Freezing and storing at -29 or -80 °C stopped the viral DNA to emit EMS.[9]

The DNA transduction experiment

The experiment was first made in July 2005, and was reproduced and filmed for a TV documentary in 2013, released on the French channel France 5 on 5th July 2014. [10] The online journal "Ouvertures" detailed the test protocol through interviews with Montagnier. [11]

Montagnier's experiment can be summarised as follows:

  1. A known water sample with 2ng/ml of 104 bases DNA from an HIV infected patient is diluted by 10 into water and agitated for 15 seconds. After filtration (to physically remove the DNA) , the dilution and agitation steps are repeated 10 times, reaching high dilution levels ( 10−10).
  2. The highly diluted sample emits electromagnetic signals (EMS) of low frequencies.
  3. This EMS is recorded by a microphone coil and saved as a 6 second WAV file at the lab in Paris.
  4. The WAV file is emailed to a partner team at the university of Benevento in Italy.
  5. The Italian team emits in loop the EMS of the WAV file on a sample of distilled water with a coil in a sealed metal tube for 1 hour.
  6. The water sample is then placed in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machine.
  7. The PCR in Italy produces DNA, 98% identical to the initial DNA in Paris.

Interpretation

It is proposed by Montagnier [12] that some molecules interact through electromagnetic waves instead of direct contact. These waves could be trapped into coherence domains formed by water molecules vacuum spheres at quantum scales. These structures would keep the signal in the absence of the original molecule. During the PRC step of the experiment, this remaining signal could have contained the necessary information for the initial DNA to be reconstructed.

The principle is similar to Benveniste's experiment from 1997 [13] where EMS was recorded from ovalbumine at the Northwestern University Medical School of Chicago, and transmitted through email to Benvenist's Digital Biology Laboratory in Clamart, France. After emitting the signal on pure water for 20 minutes, the water could cause an allergic shock on an isolated Guinea-pig heart allergic to ovalbumine. In both experiments the EMS reproduces the properties of the original molecules in their absence.

Responses and criticisms

The 2009 publications immediately followed scientific comments and criticisms on the credibility of the purported phenomenon, as well as the authenticity of the research. According to Jeff Reimers of the University of Sydney, Australia, "If the results are correct, these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry." Gary Schuster, at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, compared it to pathological science.[1] Columnist Andy Lewis has written that Montagnier should be the first to receive both the Nobel Prize and IgNobel Prize, because it is difficult to assert what the paper "actually claims" and that "The paper [...] lacks any rigour. [...]", as "important experimental steps are described dismissively in a sentence and little attempt is made to describe the detail of the work".[14]

The credibility of the peer-review system of the journal Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences, in which the 2009 papers were published, was questioned. It was a new journal (starting volume 1) of which he is chairman of the editorial board.[15] PZ Myers at the University of Minnesota Morris also described it as "pathological science." He described the paper as "one of the more unprofessional write-ups I've ever run across", and criticized the publication process as having an "unbelievable turnaround" time: "another suspicious sign are the dates. This paper was submitted on 3 January 2009, revised on 5 January 2009, and accepted on 6 January 2009", leading him to ask: "Who reviewed this, the author's mother? Maybe someone even closer. Guess who the chairman of the editorial board is: Luc Montagnier... This is the same nonsense and the same apparatus that Benveniste was peddling."[16] The influence of Benveniste can also be inferred from one of the co-authors, Jamal Aïssa, who was Benveniste's collaborator in the research in which they claim that water memory can be transported through the internet.[17] (It was for this research that Benveniste received his second IgNobel Prize in 1998.[18])

On 28 June 2010, Montagnier spoke at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in Germany,[19] "where 60 Nobel prize winners had gathered, along with 700 other scientists, to discuss the latest breakthroughs in medicine, chemistry and physics."[20] He "stunned his colleagues ... when he presented a new method for detecting viral infections that bore close parallels to the basic tenets of homeopathy. Although fellow Nobel prize winners – who view homeopathy as quackery – were left openly shaking their heads, Montagnier's comments were rapidly embraced by homeopaths eager for greater credibility. Cristal Sumner, of the British Homeopathic Association, said Montagnier's work gave homeopathy 'a true scientific ethos'."[20]

Montagnier was also questioned about his beliefs on homeopathy, to which he replied: "I can’t say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules. We find that with DNA, we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy; we cannot go further than a 10−18 dilution, or we lose the signal. But even at 10−18, you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left. And yet we detect a signal."[21]

References

  1. ^ a b Coghlan, Andy (21 January 2011). "Scorn over claim of teleported DNA". New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Montagnier, L; Aïssa, J; Ferris, S; Montagnier, JL; Lavallée, C (2009). "Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences". Interdisciplinary Sciences, Computational Life Sciences. 1 (2): 81–90. doi:10.1007/s12539-009-0036-7. PMID 20640822.
  3. ^ Davenas, E.; Beauvais, F.; Amara, J.; Oberbaum, M.; Robinzon, B.; Miadonnai, A.; Tedeschi, A.; Pomeranz, B.; Fortner, P.; Belon, P.; Sainte-Laudy, J.; Poitevin, B.; Benveniste, J. (1988). "Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE". Nature. 333 (6176): 816–818. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..816D. doi:10.1038/333816a0. PMID 2455231.
  4. ^ Dunn, John E (13 January 2011). "DNA molecules can 'teleport', Nobel Prize winner claims". techworld. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  5. ^ Montagnier, Luc; Del Giudice, Emilio; Aïssa, Jamal; Lavallee, Claude; Motschwiller, Steven; Capolupo, Antonio; Polcari, Albino; Romano, Paola; Tedeschi, Alberto; Vitiello, Giuseppe (2015). "Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic waves". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 34 (2): 106–112. doi:10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072. PMID 26098521.
  6. ^ Benveniste, J; Jurgens, P; Assa, J (1996). "Digital recording/transmission of the cholinergic signal". Faseb Journal. 10 (6): 2761–2761.
  7. ^ Montagnier, Luc; Aïssa, Jamal; Lavallée, Claude; Mbamy, Mireille; Varon, Joseph; Chenal, Henri (2009). "Electromagnetic detection of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy". Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences. 1 (4): 245–253. doi:10.1007/s12539-009-0059-0. PMID 20640802.
  8. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  9. ^ Ho, Mae-Wan (2 September 2010). "Electromagnetic Signals from HIV Prospects for a Science of Homeopathy". ISIS Report. The Institute of Science in Society. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ^ MANIL, Christian (5 July 2014). "On a retrouvé la mémoire de l'eau". France 5. Doc en Stock, and France Télévisions. France Télévisions. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  11. ^ LOMBARD, Eric (8 September 2014). "Le Pr. Luc Montagnier a-t-il retrouvé la mémoire de l'eau ?". Ouvertures (in French). Ouvertures. Retrieved 8 November 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |ref= (help)
  12. ^ Montagnier, L; Aissa, J; Giudice, E Del; Lavallee, C; Tedeschi, A; Vitiello, G (8 July 2011). "DNA waves and water". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 306: 012007. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/306/1/012007.
  13. ^ Benveniste, J; Jurgens, P; Hsueh, W; Aïssa, J (1997). "Transatlantic Transfer of Digitized Antigen Signal by Telephone Link". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 99 (1): S101–S200. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)81064-0.
  14. ^ Lewis, Andy. "Why I am Nominating Luc Montagnier for an IgNobel Prize". www.quackometer.net. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  15. ^ "Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences The Editorial Board". Springer. ISSN 1867-1462. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  16. ^ Myers, PZ. "It almost makes me disbelieve that HIV causes AIDS!". Pharyngula. ScienceBlogs LLC. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  17. ^ Benveniste, J; Jurgens, P; Hsueh, W; Aïssa, J (1997). "Transatlantic Transfer of Digitized Antigen Signal by Telephone Link". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 99 (1): S101–S200. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)81064-0.
  18. ^ Nadis, Steve (1998). "French scientist shrugs off winning his second Ig Nobel prize". Nature. 395 (6702): 535–535. doi:10.1038/26831.
  19. ^ Program (2010 – 60th Meeting of Nobel Laureates (3rd interdisciplinary)), Meeting on 28 June 2010
  20. ^ a b Nobel laureate gives homeopathy a boost. The Australian 5 July 2010
  21. ^ Enserink, M. (2010). "French Nobelist Escapes 'Intellectual Terror' to Pursue Radical Ideas in China". Science. 330 (6012): 1732–1732. doi:10.1126/science.330.6012.1732.
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