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Darius Milhaud

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Darius Milhaud (1923)
"Milhaud" redirects here. For the commune in the Gard, see Milhaud, Gard. For other uses, see Milhaud (disambiguation).

Darius Milhaud (French: [daʁjys mijo]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and make use of polytonality. Darius Milhaud is to be counted among the modernist composers.[1]

Life and career

Born in Marseilles to a Jewish family from Aix-en-Provence, Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition instead. Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met his fellow group members Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre. He studied composition under Charles Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gedalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. From 1917 to 1919, he served as secretary to Paul Claudel, the eminent poet and dramatist who was then the French ambassador to Brazil, and with whom Milhaud collaborated for many years, setting music for many of Claudel's poems and plays. While in Brazil, they collaborated on a ballet, L'Homme et son désir.[2]

On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth. Le bœuf sur le toit includes melodies by Nazareth and other popular Brazilian composers of the time, and evokes the sounds of Carnaval. The recurring theme is, in fact, a Carnaval tune by the name of "The Bull on the Roof" (in Portuguese which he translated to French 'Le boeuf sur le toit', known in English as 'The Ox on the Roof'). He also produced Saudades do Brasil, a suite of twelve dances evoking twelve neighborhoods in Rio. Shortly after the original piano version appeared, he orchestrated the suite.

On a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard "authentic" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, [3] which left a great impact on his musical outlook. The following year, he completed his composition La création du monde (The Creation of the World), using ideas and idioms from jazz, cast as a ballet in six continuous dance scenes.[3]

In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902–2008), an actress and reciter. In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child.[4]

The invasion of France by Nazi Germany forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940[5] and emigrate to the United States (his Jewish background made it impossible for Milhaud to return to his native country until after its liberation).[6] He secured a teaching post at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he composed the opera Bolivar (1943) and collaborated with Henri Temianka and the Paganini Quartet. In an extraordinary concert there in 1949, the Budapest Quartet performed the composer's 14th String Quartet, followed by the Paganini Quartet's performance of his 15th; and then both ensembles played the two pieces together as an octet.[7] The following year, these same pieces were performed at the Aspen Music Festival in Colorado, by the Paganini and Juilliard String Quartets.[8]

The jazz pianist Dave Brubeck became one of Milhaud's most famous students when Brubeck furthered his music studies at Mills College in the late 1940s. In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, "Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work. My older brother Howard was his assistant and had taken all of his classes."[9] Brubeck named his first son Darius.

Milhaud's former students also include popular songwriter Burt Bacharach.[10] Milhaud told Bacharach, "Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle. Don't ever feel discomfited by a melody."[11]

Milhaud (like his contemporaries Hindemith, Malipiero, Hovhaness, Martinů and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing. His most popular works include Le bœuf sur le toit (a ballet which lent its name to the legendary cabaret frequented by Milhaud and other members of Les Six), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (a suite for two pianos, also for alto saxophone or clarinet and orchestra), and Saudades do Brasil (a dance suite). His autobiography is titled Notes sans musique (Notes Without Music), later revised as Ma vie heureuse (My Happy Life).

From 1947 to 1971, he taught alternate years at Mills and the Paris Conservatoire, until poor health, which caused him to use a wheelchair during his later years (beginning in the 1930s), compelled him to retire. He also taught on the faculty of the Aspen Music Festival and School. He died in Geneva at the age of 81, and he was buried in the Saint-Pierre Cemetery in Aix-en-Provence.[12]

Works

Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres. His opus list ended at 443.

See List of compositions by Darius Milhaud.
See also: Category:Compositions by Darius Milhaud

Notable students

For Milhaud's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: K to M § Darius Milhaud.

Archival collections

Selected filmography

Legacy

Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud near Paris is named after him.

References

  1. ^ Reinhold Brinkmann & Christoph Wolff, Driven into Paradise: The Musical Migration from Nazi Germany to the United States (Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1999), 133. ISBN 0-520-21413-7.
  2. ^ Notes Without Music: An Autobiography. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970.
  3. ^ a b "Milhaud - La création du monde" (of Darius Milhaud, English language), Pomona College, Department of Music, 1999, webpage: PomonaEdu-Milhaud-Creation.
  4. ^ The Independent. Obituary, 31 March 2008. London.
  5. ^ The Online New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, V.3, ed. by Jeremy Drake, Oxford University Press, entry on Darius Milhaud[verification needed]
  6. ^ Madeleine and Darius Milhaud, Hélène and Henri Hoppenot, Conversation: Correspondance 1918–1974, complétée par des pages du Journal d’Hélène Hoppenot, ed. Marie France Mousli (Paris: Gallimard, 2006), 182–84.
  7. ^ Mills College program of August 10, 1949, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.
  8. ^ Aspen Institute program of July 26, 1950, in Archives of Henri Temianka Estate.
  9. ^ Brubeck interview.
  10. ^ Mihai Cucos, "A Few Points about Burt Bacharach …", Perspectives of New Music 43, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 198–211. Citation on 200.
  11. ^ Mihai Cucos, "A Few Points about Burt Bacharach …", Perspectives of New Music 43, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 198–211. Citation on 205.
  12. ^ Centre Darius Milhaud: Cimetière Saint Pierre.
  • Media related to Darius Milhaud at Wikimedia Commons
  • Complete categorized list of Darius Milhaud's composed works, with opus numbers.
  • Darius Milhaud biography and works on the UE website (publisher)
  • Biography and audio from Service Sacrée at the Milken Archive of American Jewish Music
  • Darius Milhaud 1892–1974 by Ronald Crichton. Musical Times, August 1974.
  • The Boeuf Chronicles – How the ox got on the roof: Darius Milhaud and the Brazilian sources of "Le Boeuf sur le Toit" by Daniella Thompson.
  • Darius Milhaud's maximum card from Israel
  • [1] – Part 2 of Jazzwax interview with Dave Brubeck, in which Milhaud is discussed in detail.
  • "Darius Milhaud (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM.
  • Free scores by Darius Milhaud at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
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